tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66505515778164358102024-03-06T01:04:53.443-08:00The Alaska Native Studies BlogHistory, Culture, GeographyThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17424860431342813248noreply@blogger.comBlogger44125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6650551577816435810.post-79144808225286347872017-08-24T15:38:00.000-07:002019-10-13T21:27:39.307-07:00Creoles and The Problem of Subjectivity <div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Your victory was so complete</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Some among you thought to keep</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">A record of our little lives</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The clothes we wore</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Our spoons</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Our knives </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Nevermind </i>Leonard Cohen </span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
In the 1943 article <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2572691?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents" target="_blank">"The Russian Creoles of Alaska as a Marginal Group" </a>Margaret Mary Wood published an account of Kodiak life. She writes, "The Kodiak area offers interesting material for a study of the influence of varying degrees of isolation upon the processes of racial diffusion and of cultural assimilation." Teaching at the Kodiak school for a quarter century Wood learns through experience about the "Creoles" in the archipelago whom she taught and lived among. These Native families, who referred to themselves as "Kreols," openly embraced their heritage with the Russian colonial era from 1741 to 1867. After that time the United States purchased the entirety of the "Russian American" estate that included the Kodiak area, the enormous mainland, and the multitude of islands that compose the Aleutian chain. While pitted as isolated in the article the cultures of Kodiak prove to be complex in their histories and in the moments of her observations.<br />
<div class="page" title="Page 1">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFGiUjwEYPU3zb5A2OTkgPHWU6mQ9V-QnC0T_ZcIMsQ08Lln7C43aJ1M6XF4knQd5CKkPgDuknbBNlRN4xDbWr_SAbJgZdVLhkRFO1NPU1Bvk0Ic6LNIRvy5amJ-hJ-oUjCvttlr6oyoE/s1600/Kodiak_from_the_Experiment_Station_field.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="502" data-original-width="700" height="458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFGiUjwEYPU3zb5A2OTkgPHWU6mQ9V-QnC0T_ZcIMsQ08Lln7C43aJ1M6XF4knQd5CKkPgDuknbBNlRN4xDbWr_SAbJgZdVLhkRFO1NPU1Bvk0Ic6LNIRvy5amJ-hJ-oUjCvttlr6oyoE/s640/Kodiak_from_the_Experiment_Station_field.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">1915 <i>Kodiak, from the Experiment Station field</i>. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">View of Kodiak, Chiniak Bay and Near Island taken from the Experiment Station field. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">National Geographic Society Katmai expeditions photographs, 1913-1919. UAA-HMC-0186</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
In 1916 Margaret Mary Wood began teaching in Kodiak where she was part of an ideological regime to bring US culture to the territory. Her work was with middle and high school age students many of whom referred to themselves as Creole derived from the Russian term "Kreol," being a people whose heritage included, at some point in time, a union between males from Russia and Alutiiq women. However this was before the coming of Western racial culture thus the term was less about the analytics of procreation but more about community access to a life non-creole Natives. Gordon Pullar, Sr. and Lydia Black note that, "Under the Russian system in Alaska the term Creole did not describe a racial category but rather a social status with specific rights" (406). Gwen Miller suggests that Native women sought relationships with Russian men as to escape the brutality of Russian colonial life on the Native women and others in the community. Yet it is important to stress the cultural formation of Kreol was distinct from Miller's aunt Ann Stoler's work on Creole culture and colonialism in the marvelous <i>Race and the Education of Desire</i>. Nonetheless, Creole on Kodiak was born from violence. (see footnote <span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span>)</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp445Ew7NSjZF4BgRPOFSbeRw_jygWHq7QHPqnGeziIVpKM4iq8a_HPYRvkFErdxOqpoJLFaBXhrgCHSRZoMjnBfYzSEBkcRTXMAxH251lupYt_HhaukWBgLfL7tVblPEyRCJ2Lf3i__k/s1600/Fourth_of_July_foot_race_at_Kodiak.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="441" data-original-width="698" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp445Ew7NSjZF4BgRPOFSbeRw_jygWHq7QHPqnGeziIVpKM4iq8a_HPYRvkFErdxOqpoJLFaBXhrgCHSRZoMjnBfYzSEBkcRTXMAxH251lupYt_HhaukWBgLfL7tVblPEyRCJ2Lf3i__k/s1600/Fourth_of_July_foot_race_at_Kodiak.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Kodiak. View of a group of school girls having a foot race. Their supporters line the road to cheer the girls on. The bodyof water in the back ground may be Chiniak Bay. Photo taken during National Geographic Society expedition on the way to Katmaiarea. 1915. UAA-hmc-0186-volume1-3554.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV4XWElFf0CyW7q3hONkcHe_YUHMWaUTWAdzrMu8-1hXJYh8aiVthJhQKQDvthlk2Xv-wMH39g8ICidy4BjJeE1x0_eHdFRFXcOtaNetlNixcYVA1Xg7gVj-frShT2iIZUbWJjzq2SXaU/s1600/Kodiak_Naval_Operating_Base.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="520" data-original-width="720" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV4XWElFf0CyW7q3hONkcHe_YUHMWaUTWAdzrMu8-1hXJYh8aiVthJhQKQDvthlk2Xv-wMH39g8ICidy4BjJeE1x0_eHdFRFXcOtaNetlNixcYVA1Xg7gVj-frShT2iIZUbWJjzq2SXaU/s1600/Kodiak_Naval_Operating_Base.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Kodiak Naval Operating Base. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">UAA-HMC-0715</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="column">
Important for Wood proves to be tracing the "Native blood" of Creoles and other Native people living on Kodiak (like the "Kodiaks") whom she describes as having "lost their identity" due to infusion of various types of people coming to the islands. I think her feelings about race and purity contribute to her view of Creoles as a vanquishing culture. She writes, " Out of the 450 people in the village of Kodiak only 22, including 3 children, where pure blood whites and the number of pure blood natives was equally small." (206) Historian Patrica Seed has noted in Ceremonies of Possession that Northern European ideas on civility and savageness came to mark the landscapes and peoples of North America, in that the British colony represented the civil and the natural landscape with it's Native peoples was labeled savage.2 Holding on to the "blood" proved imperative for her Kodiak.<br />
<br />
For the Creoles that she studies exist without Western ideals of purity and are therefore at a deficit in the US cultural system of the time. In her line of thinking the rights they gained by admonishing their pure racial subjectivity amid Russian colonialism has lead to a their unease within the US colonial culture now on the islands. She is unable to recognize the Creole subjectivity as a mechanism emerged from the sadistic and cruel society of Russian America. Perhaps to do so would be to spot the author's own place with the US history on the islands? For the essay is to make the Creole the problem and the sacredness of the "egg" and the "seed" as the solution for the messiness of transcolonial Native cultures. <br />
<br />
At the end of the short piece Wood focuses in on the social lives of young Creoles whom compete with Whites for sexual relationships. She writes, "For the young creole men the competition of the white men coming into the community for the favor of the creole girls presents a problem. If many of the Kodiak girls marry into the white group, the creole men will have to look farther afield for their wives. It seems probable that this situation would result in their marrying girls from other more isolated villages in the Kodiak area where the proportion of native blood in the population is greater than it is at Kodiak." Because if White men (coming to the islands with the military for instance), in other words, marry Creole women would place a burden on Native culture because Creole men will be forced to look toward Native women for their relationship needs. In fact, she sees a problem that with the influx of White men on the island there have been countless children, born from Native women with White fathers, placed into orphanages. In her observations she the US project on the island as the problem. Where amid Russian occupation social groups came to be and were acknowledged while with the coming of the United States, with its racial culture, the Creole children of White men and Native women are cast aside. <br />
<br />
In the end the article argues that it is Kodiak's unisolated nature that is problem, not the racial ideologies that underwrite the article.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "code2000";">Foot Notes</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "code2000";">1. Formally, translated into English as "Creole," it holds a meaning distinct from how it is applied at the time as someone with an African and European ancestry. Also the cultural condition of Kreol misaligns with the Spanish term Criollo, translated into English as "Creole" as well because Criollo possesses an implication of a South Americans with only Spanish progenitors. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "code2000";">One could think of the Kreoles are more situated with the cultural groups called "Mestizos," in part because they were of Native and Eurasian descent but publicly favored themselves as part of the colonial culture that occupied their homelands. As mentioned, during the Russian colonial period of this part of North America an individual would possess greater freedoms with the Russian controlled social and cultural atmosphere in Kodiak if they expressed and held proven ancestry that derived from European and Russian decent.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "code2000";">2. See the works of Nathaniel Hawthorne or Washington Irving.</span><span style="font-family: "code2000";"><br /></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17424860431342813248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6650551577816435810.post-19207743618972838092016-11-08T10:37:00.001-08:002017-11-17T17:14:18.179-08:00Enfranchisement of Women and Natives in Territorial Alaska<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7dTqRnXD_NBOp4FdgFhRDERJ22F2hyphenhyphen2pOwkfgIRplqZtoIdazWaeyzNLWc7wUsWVypvbNDr2bVF1O51CDZNBt4d4m600cZF3cCednR_Zs3jwbotpZUK70Y9ZspayIxDZEnHB65Nep1D0/s1600/St_Patricks_Mask_Ball_Flat_City_Camp_AB_no_26.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7dTqRnXD_NBOp4FdgFhRDERJ22F2hyphenhyphen2pOwkfgIRplqZtoIdazWaeyzNLWc7wUsWVypvbNDr2bVF1O51CDZNBt4d4m600cZF3cCednR_Zs3jwbotpZUK70Y9ZspayIxDZEnHB65Nep1D0/s640/St_Patricks_Mask_Ball_Flat_City_Camp_AB_no_26.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">"</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Large group of people, some in costume, pose for photograph in front of bunting and American flag; signs held by people on far right advocate women's rights" </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">St. Patrick's Mask Ball, Flat City, Camp A.B. no. 26. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">ASL-P28-213</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6K3LsSEm7N2NhmGBENsjOmdiChOSOtRWqrjUfhxEv5FEeqcRIwdR8DMnqQowEzCGRDUdsZpycP2cUKGWXlkVJ4II7pzeLCJQFJTg-5LMJuS8IdfVL1vZ9v6T3YrYtu15Vi8HJpm_Jzac/s1600/Gov_Clark_of_Alaska_signing_the_Shoup_Women_Suffrage_Bill_First_bill_passed_by_First_Legislature__March_21_1913.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="522" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6K3LsSEm7N2NhmGBENsjOmdiChOSOtRWqrjUfhxEv5FEeqcRIwdR8DMnqQowEzCGRDUdsZpycP2cUKGWXlkVJ4II7pzeLCJQFJTg-5LMJuS8IdfVL1vZ9v6T3YrYtu15Vi8HJpm_Jzac/s640/Gov_Clark_of_Alaska_signing_the_Shoup_Women_Suffrage_Bill_First_bill_passed_by_First_Legislature__March_21_1913.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">"Gov. Clark of Alaska signing the Shoup Women Suffrage Bill. First bill passed by First Legislature. March 21, 1913." Left to right: "Arthur Glendinning Shoup, House of Representatives - Sitka.Governor Walter Eli Clark. Conrad Freeding, Senate - Nome. W.W. Shorthill, Sec." ASL-P226-171</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Perhaps one may, with ease, read the contextual aspects of the photograph above consigned as it is with the gendered, racial, and colonial contexts of early twentieth century United States representational politics. Four white men, government officials, signing in to law the right of women to vote in territorial Alaska in 1913.In the above image, Nome W.W. Shorthill's posture, his neck tilted a few degrees forward is mimicked with the framed image behind him. I am unsure who the images on the walls are representational of, but they too add to the dramatic aspect of the historic moment as they too look on as Governor Clark places his name on this document. Below is an image of the bill as it went through the state government. Beginning in the 19th century in the contiguous part of the nation women's suffrage movement(s) worked securing voting rights in specific states and localities. Within seven years of the law in Alaska, the United States government was pass ratify the 19th amendment, guaranteeing all American women the right to vote after a bill was passed by Congress June 4, 1919. <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrk8mbfqNL5UxWB1i4DQOv-ZpITY0hrO0vFtSsNPV5M6c3fQy-yTY6qT0cUfwoekEx2Qs3EjGdc7lzRz679h99_nU7KYsY1OayKLjg-3wpSjhL95mE5nk0g5aw2fh8ErLg8jH8JUnE1Ko/s1600/womens+suffrage+bill.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrk8mbfqNL5UxWB1i4DQOv-ZpITY0hrO0vFtSsNPV5M6c3fQy-yTY6qT0cUfwoekEx2Qs3EjGdc7lzRz679h99_nU7KYsY1OayKLjg-3wpSjhL95mE5nk0g5aw2fh8ErLg8jH8JUnE1Ko/s640/womens+suffrage+bill.jpg" width="386" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
Along with a women's suffrage movement in the Alaska Territory activists from the Alaska Native Brotherhood and Sisterhood worked tirelessly since their inception in 1912 for the enfranchisement of Native people. In an action by the Second Legislature of the Territory of Alaska in 1915 Alaska Natives could become electoral voters. They could take on the "obligation of suffrage if that showed a "total abandonment of any tribal customs or relationships, and the facts regarding the applicant's adoption of the habits of a civilized life." Then the Native applicant for citizenship would have to find at least "five white citizens of the United States" that could attest to the the applicant's degree of cultivated civility. In 1923 Alaska Native Brotherhood member William Paul, of the Raven clan, was elected to the legislative house of the territorial Alaskan government.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7KbAHh26JET-Q0uLUBzwPFKZlGEOzXFItb0ciBECa2DptC5yBFJI9fB1zYmSmlhPaYMOAzbxdb5qG2DwqBehlHp5kEb7M73xyzinSEJv5YuxUHKpMnWNzacFh6ZDcAbSQPCdDKI1al-w/s1600/ANB_convention_at_Sitka_Alaska_1914-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7KbAHh26JET-Q0uLUBzwPFKZlGEOzXFItb0ciBECa2DptC5yBFJI9fB1zYmSmlhPaYMOAzbxdb5qG2DwqBehlHp5kEb7M73xyzinSEJv5YuxUHKpMnWNzacFh6ZDcAbSQPCdDKI1al-w/s640/ANB_convention_at_Sitka_Alaska_1914-2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Alaska Native Brotherhood</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Within a decade the <i>The Indian Citizenship Act</i><i> of 1924</i> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">(43 U.S. Stats. At Large, Ch. 233, p. 253 (1924))</span>, or the <i>Snyder Act</i>, made Native American citizenship in the United States compulsory, asserting "Be it enacted by the Senate and house of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That all non citizen Indians born within the territorial limits of the United States be, and they are hereby, declared to be citizens of the United States: Provided That the granting of such citizenship shall not in any manner impair or otherwise affect the right of any Indian to tribal or other property." This act of citizenship followed the devastating consequences of 1887 Dawes Act, asserting citizenship upon tribal members in the contiguous part of the nation who participated in allotment. Similar to women's Suffrage, until the passage of <i>Indian Citizenship Act </i>states and territories acted unsystematically in declaring Native people as voting citizens.<br />
<br />Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17424860431342813248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6650551577816435810.post-79342852088590953042016-07-28T17:48:00.003-07:002017-06-08T23:06:30.884-07:00The Paintball Shootings of 2001<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNg9KimmCyRdwuji3amI0DjT3fP6KcmizQrSczpFPoMByJjpUUwB96GZAoUTcEujhJPFv8wmF4-UjUajkIGziknpviS0hwynAISzf1l_7ma9u7WR8avk3CvJontoY7lADKGJVuM6f-tYY/s1600/Anchorage_%2528js%2529002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNg9KimmCyRdwuji3amI0DjT3fP6KcmizQrSczpFPoMByJjpUUwB96GZAoUTcEujhJPFv8wmF4-UjUajkIGziknpviS0hwynAISzf1l_7ma9u7WR8avk3CvJontoY7lADKGJVuM6f-tYY/s640/Anchorage_%2528js%2529002.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption">Photograph by Jerzy Strzelecki</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
On January 14, 2001 along an Anchorage street two non-Native male seventeen year-olds from Eagle River, a suburb, posed as tourists from California as another teenager, a nineteen year-old legal adult, named Charles Deane Wiseman —brother to one of the younger males—videotaped them confronting a Native man. They asked him if he was drunk then shot him in the face with a paintball gun. This attack was one in a series of assaults the three would commit that winter night targeting Alaska Natives they marked as intoxicated and homeless. That is to say they willfully searched out Indigenous individuals who posed no threat to them so they could videotape themselves shooting their victims with marble-sized paint pellets from an instrument like the one below.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTRsi-ySKeuaJU157etv5Syg8pbI_dx67ws9k5eNuuLzWxZgZiXnYRs_rj2Tt_xUtGUuvTibIix2PLpduTUUj1FdRreoaQa57L1en0ismjblEE-UUG_Wqcpw-ufIGFzWaCkmmzxtjrOm8/s1600/IMAG0004.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTRsi-ySKeuaJU157etv5Syg8pbI_dx67ws9k5eNuuLzWxZgZiXnYRs_rj2Tt_xUtGUuvTibIix2PLpduTUUj1FdRreoaQa57L1en0ismjblEE-UUG_Wqcpw-ufIGFzWaCkmmzxtjrOm8/s640/IMAG0004.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The police reported that at least a dozen Native individuals were shot.<span style="font-size: xx-small;">(1)</span> On the videotape, what the press describe as a "voice," says "We're going to go nail some eskimos." Other accounts site that they said they were intent on "hunting" "muktuks."The videos show victims flinching as they are shot in the face, followed by the sounds of laughter from the the young men. One of the victims told the police of the crime soon after it took place and was charged for disorderly conduct, due to allegedly being under the influence of alcohol. The victim served 10 days in the anchorage jail.<br />
<div>
<br />
Wiseman, and the two teenagers, were charged with seven counts of misdemeanor assault on march 20th to which they pleaded not guilty. In court the two brothers claimed the third assailant was the shooter and that the younger bother drove his new Subaru Impreza, while the older brother filmed the assaults. Wiseman asserted he video taped while his brother drove the car that tracked people on the street, placing the responsibility of the crimes on their partner whom they were not related to.<span style="font-size: xx-small;">(2)</span> A week before the youth's first day in court Governor Tony Knowles began setting up a review of the crime and what ways the government could respond.<br />
<br />
Upon hearing of the attack and the charges against the assailants the Alaska Federation of Natives called for a Civil Rights Commission review of hate crimes against Alaska Natives. Leadership of the organization expressed that this attack was "representative of an undercurrent of racism" in the state.<span style="font-size: xx-small;">(3)</span> On March 23rd the state house joined AFN is asking the US Commission for an investigation while passing a resolution condemning the assault as a hate crime. (That spring the state government put together a plan to introduce Hate Crimes bill that has yet to materialize) Alaska Senators held contrasting views of such an investigation. Senator Frank Murkowski at the time believe there was little need for a review, while the late Senator Ted Stevens, quoted here from the Peninsula Clarion, said</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
"'No, I think they're (the Alaska Federation of Natives) entirely within their rights to ask<br />
for a Civil Rights Commission review of that and other incidents,'' Stevens told the<br />
Alaska Public Radio Network.''There seems to be nationwide an increase in the so-<br />
called 'hate crimes'. And I think that there are existing laws and we should use them.<br />
'I don't think we need new laws right now as much as we need enforcement of existing<br />
laws. And the Civil Rights Commission ... has the right to investigate,'' Stevens said. <br />
''As far as I'm concerned, I think it should be done.''(4)<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Wiseman pleaded no contest to three counts of misdemeanor assault that June. During this legal process the man remained out on bail and his attorney asked the court to reinstate his driving privileges that were revoked in January. The judge declined this.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
Upon being sentenced to six months in jail, 6,000 dollar fine, and 300 hours of community service on August 31st Wiseman expressed an apology to his victims. The two others as minors have their identities sealed from this type of research. Wiseman's attorney argued that he was not culpable to the crime since he was not the one who pulled the trigger on the paintball gun. Judge Ashman asserted to the court that this crime held racist overtones from its conception.(5) After spending 40 days in solitary confinement, seeking protection from other facility's other inmates Wiseman asked for house arrest, to which the Judge declined the request. Often in situations where racially and economically privileged people face jail terms, scholars have noted that, their lawyers and family members plead for them to be separated from the prison population for their own safety or not to serve prison sentences because being around such prisoners will turn them into criminals, as with rapist Brock Turner. The conclusions are easy to understand that the attackers saw these people as socially dead and that they could hurt them without justice being brought to them. One of the victims filed a civil suite against the defendants, settling out of court for 10,000. It appears that 5 other victims filed also filed a civil case as well, but I have yet been able to locate any settlement.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
On August 23–24, 2001, and October 25, 2001 the Alaska Advisory Committee on Civil Rights held community forums with a wide range of panelists representing a wide variety of Alaska community members. Their April 2002 findings and statements can be found in the document <a href="http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/sac/ak0402/ch1.htm">Racism’s Frontier: The Untold Story of Discrimination and Division in Alaska</a>. (Their recommendations and advice are far too massive in scope to discuss here.) The governor appointed a 14-member "Commission on Tolerance" who on December 6th asserted that the state educational curriculum should include and emphasis Native cultures and people. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
1. "Alaskan charged with assault in egging on of 2 paintballers." Deseret News, The (Salt Lake City, UT) - March 21, 2001.<br />
2"Briefly" Juneau Empire (AK) - March 21, 2001.<br />
3. "Community horrified by attacks on Natives." FEBRUARY 27, 2001 Indianz.com<br />
4. Friday, March 23, 2001<br />
5. Juneau Empire (AK) - September 4, 2001<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17424860431342813248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6650551577816435810.post-48987289398067452432016-06-03T15:19:00.001-07:002020-10-06T19:06:22.858-07:00"Whoever holds Alaska will hold the world:" The Bombing of Dutch Harbor June 3, 1942.<div style="text-align: center;">
"I believe that in the future, whoever holds Alaska will hold the world. I think it </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
is the most important strategic place in the world."</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
General Billy Mitchell, 1935.</div>
<em style="color: #444444; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong><br /></strong></em>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxPMsdHHBc7yQQjW_tv91Vi0BmWiYHULGkg0SLugowHzxhdhRhSC_zgDUEzGYFRY_Y3MoOlpRXZDNHTS-QcOQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<em style="color: #444444; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong><br /></strong></em>
<br />
On the 3rd of June 1942 the Japanese military using two battle ships, The aircraft carriers Junyo (the peregrine falcon), and the Ryūjō (the "Prancing Dragon") on a bombing raid on the US base of Fort Mears located at Amaknak Island in Unalaska. At the time of the attack Fort Mears housed the 206th Coast Artillery, 37th Infantry Regiment, 6 anti-aircraft batteries, marines, and 30 fighters.<br />
<div>
<br />
<div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinXfD3JPK9_nYdGikF4ZO7SNO97oKGnBNfZYHxQLSdLy3gnprpiVL8AHuyce7ntVMpwiLCNksn8kj-xOUvNUG_p2zkhyphenhyphenKj3y3NUg98XD7PqTGbZc_2UfH2EqKQ52yT8nNmBeSFaw4qdFk/s1600/Japanese_attack_on_Dutch_Harbor%252C_June_3%252C_1942._Group_of_Marines_on_the_%2522alert%2522_between_attacks._Smoke_from_burning..._-_NARA_-_520589.tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="510" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinXfD3JPK9_nYdGikF4ZO7SNO97oKGnBNfZYHxQLSdLy3gnprpiVL8AHuyce7ntVMpwiLCNksn8kj-xOUvNUG_p2zkhyphenhyphenKj3y3NUg98XD7PqTGbZc_2UfH2EqKQ52yT8nNmBeSFaw4qdFk/s640/Japanese_attack_on_Dutch_Harbor%252C_June_3%252C_1942._Group_of_Marines_on_the_%2522alert%2522_between_attacks._Smoke_from_burning..._-_NARA_-_520589.tif" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">"U. S. Marines are on the alert in their trenches during the Jap [ Japanese ] attack on Dutch Harbor, June 3 and 4. Black smoke in the background is coming from fuel tanks, set afire by Jap [ Japanese ] dive-bombers."San Francisco Call-Bulletin, Aleutian Islands Photographs, 1942-1948Identifier UAF-1970-11-23</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The air fighters killed 25 soldiers that first day with 44 losses the next. The US military had been in residence there for two year in the build up of the Northern part of the pacific theater of battle in World War II, called the Aleutians Islands Campaign, also known as the “Williwaw War."</div>
<div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJR8hF5tDt1ysEv2eUmLi0tSMF7spCyvAWECemc4BFGy0-ux_FYPAkztkATJLIwn6J6FEI-Z-1Kuu7Uw6A3PoP6u6kOVVNdyk84Lk6JoesdtAzsi4TYZhlw_EIjXXNwqybqsVvXZpqc5s/s1600/National-Archives-Aleutian-family-2002827039.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJR8hF5tDt1ysEv2eUmLi0tSMF7spCyvAWECemc4BFGy0-ux_FYPAkztkATJLIwn6J6FEI-Z-1Kuu7Uw6A3PoP6u6kOVVNdyk84Lk6JoesdtAzsi4TYZhlw_EIjXXNwqybqsVvXZpqc5s/s640/National-Archives-Aleutian-family-2002827039.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Unangax internees in Dutch Harbor in route to camps in the southeast.National Archives.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The then territory of Alaska served as a strategic site for the military and the Unangax and Sugpiaq homelands became prime geographies for the war to ensue. In the middle of the war between the Allies and the Axis Unangax communities bore the burden of being subject hosts to the carnage. By the time of the bombing Unangax, forced to raze and evacuate their villages, maintained a presence there as subjects of interment by the government. The US would separate 881 Native individuals from their non-Indigenous families members and move them to places far out of their homelands for years. The public conversations surrounding this cultural experience often use the words Aleut "relocation," or "internment."</div>
<div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikYREYKqvcM5OMp5c3cKLzCWTCqxvkOA5NwY07nAKLmNJo9hDIJV1v2lGOJT87mhU2jnF_qAB1APcDl2OvThFmRYDW7E_c7luafHP2S7RGGy51zjLO_tfDX7gN8_pGheNkgUGPD3T4cOY/s1600/Aleut_children__Unalaska_Alaska.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="454" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikYREYKqvcM5OMp5c3cKLzCWTCqxvkOA5NwY07nAKLmNJo9hDIJV1v2lGOJT87mhU2jnF_qAB1APcDl2OvThFmRYDW7E_c7luafHP2S7RGGy51zjLO_tfDX7gN8_pGheNkgUGPD3T4cOY/s640/Aleut_children__Unalaska_Alaska.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Aleut children - Unalaska Alaska. "Before the evacuation." Identifier ASL-P233-V141</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
On June 7th the Japanese military struck and occupied the islands of Attu and Kiska for a short time without incident. Months later, in 1943 during May 3-11 the Japanese forces would move forward with attacks on Attu in a battle to control sea lanes, referred to as the war's "Forgotten Battle." Japanese military also held over 40 Unangax civilians as prisoners of war in Japan. That both the Axis and the Allies held Unangax communities against their will allows for one to consider how Indigenous people are treated amid times when (strengthening) nation-states are at war. For the Unangax individuals as citizens of the nation deserved the freedoms the nation itself was explicitly fighting to uphold at the time. The Spanish nationalist government bombing of the Indigenous Basque community, by the Spanish partners the German and Italian air forces in 1937 presents a similar dreadful situation, Picasso depicted in Guernica. <br />
<br />
General Billy Mitchell's 1935 assertion to Congress "that in the future, whoever holds Alaska will hold the world..." because, "it is the most important strategic place in the world" was not wasted sentiment for either the Allies or the Axis, but such thought, and the actions that followed, required the denial of the right of the Unangax to decide how their homelands and surrounding waters should be used amid this global conflict. The rise of the cold war between the West and the Soviet Union in the decades that followed brought about conditions in the new state of Alaska that reflected Mitchell's conception of the region. Increased military presence and weapons testing brought about uses of land and water that would be decried if even given consideration elsewhere in the nation. Below is a clip of the October 2, 1969 Milrow nuclear detonation on Amchitka Island, one of the contested places in the war.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/0e9BVwMRA2c/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0e9BVwMRA2c?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
Some resources:</div>
<br />
https://www.nps.gov/aleu/learn/historyculture/unangan-internment.htm<br />
https://jukebox.uaf.edu/site7/sites/default/files/cold_war_in_alaska_-_a_resource_guide_for_teachers_and_students.pdf<br />
https://www.nps.gov/aleu/learn/historyculture/upload/mobley-aleut-book-lo_res.pdf<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17424860431342813248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6650551577816435810.post-40900985180026108932016-03-02T20:09:00.002-08:002016-03-14T22:43:40.291-07:00Link to the post, "Save This For Your Autobiography," on the Critical Ethnic Studies Blog<a href="http://www.criticalethnicstudiesjournal.org/blog/2016/3/2/save-this-for-your-autobiography">http://www.criticalethnicstudiesjournal.org/blog/2016/3/2/save-this-for-your-autobiography</a><br />
<div style="color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.701961); font-family: proxima-nova; font-size: 18px;">
<br />
"Save This For Your Autobiography"<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.701961); font-family: proxima-nova; font-size: 18px;">
<strong>By: Thomas Michael Swensen, Colorado State University </strong></div>
<div style="color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.701961); font-family: proxima-nova; font-size: 18px;">
When I was 26 I started at a community college with aspirations to learn how to become an architect. Not just any architect, but one who designed and built sets for rock bands like Mark Fisher. Along with a drafting course, and one in creative writing, I enrolled in the course “Race, Class, and Gender in Film.” As an introduction to academic prose, I read the articles “Erotic Autonomy as a Politics of Decolonization: An Anatomy of Feminist and State Practice” by M. Jacqui Alexander and, “More Human Than I Am Alone: Womb Envy in David Cronenberg’s the Fly and Dead Ringers,” by Helen W. Robbins. Though I’d written punk songs, short plays, and fictional stories previous to this course yet the deft work of academic writing drew me in a way that these other forms hadn’t. I immediately grew fascinated with Alexander’s commitment language and Robbins’s incredible read of David Cronenberg’s misogynistic <em>Dead Ringers</em> and <em>The Fly.</em>These writers compelled me to transfer from a 2-year community college architectural drafting program to a small liberal arts college where I enrolled as a literature and fine arts major, putting off my aspirations for architectural training until graduate school.</div>
<div style="color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.701961); font-family: proxima-nova; font-size: 18px;">
At the four-year school, the first upper-division English course I enrolled in was British Literature II. Turning in the first 750-word essay on something either about a piece of George Elliot’s or perhaps a poem by one of the Brownings. The comments marked on the returned essay were of great surprise. For on the margin the professor wrote, “save this for your autobiography,” near one of my passages, with an added and concerned “come see me” noted at the bottom of the last page. During the meeting with the professor she told me that I earned an F on the essay but that I could choose to rewrite it over and over again throughout the term. The detailed option she offered was that I would focus solely on revising that essay with the qualification that I’d walk away from the course with a C+ grade. That, or I could choose an F for the term. I took the professor up on the deal, revising that piece about 5 times before the semester was over. I have never looked back with regret on that choice.</div>
<div style="color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.701961); font-family: proxima-nova; font-size: 18px;">
I learned a few things about writing academic prose from this initial experience of revision. For instance, the phrase the professor wrote, “save this for your autobiography,” has proved a source of inspiration throughout the years. Thinking about the comment always forces me deliberate the ways one constitutes ideas through the act of writing and what it means to get beyond the self to produce scholarly work. That is, something about this labor of writing academic prose forces me to get outside the intentions I have for the sake of a successful piece. A draft’s intervention most always needs the help of a few readers and editors in teasing out the directions it wants to travel. For me, an argument’s evolving destination (its derivative?) is where I let go of my aims to allow editing and re-drafting processes to shape the essay in productive ways.</div>
<div style="color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.701961); font-family: proxima-nova; font-size: 18px;">
This last month an essay that has gone through multiple revisions in the last 2 years is finally in press. The readers and editors worked hard to turn it into something I’m proud of. Trusting the suggestions these people had provided the most important and needed aspect in this essay’s production. Close to a couple of decades ago when that Brit Lit professor sat me down with the grave ultimatum they indoctrinated me into the peer-review process of letting go to let the work flourish with its own path. The other lesson that I’ve taken away from that experience was that a C+ allows one to pass a course. It's a sign of success. Only later after dropping out of architecture school to pursue a masters in literature would the techniques put forth in John Gage’s <em>The Shape of Reason </em>further test my resolve as a writer. Give that a read.</div>
Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17424860431342813248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6650551577816435810.post-2557824949131602902016-01-31T10:39:00.001-08:002016-01-31T10:54:37.466-08:00"The Fish Belong to Everybody:" The Native Environmental Politics of Fish Traps<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="text-align: start;">People and organizations have employed the fish trap in Alaska since before the beginning of the fishing industrial complex in the late 19th century. However, new technologies that allowed for the canning of fish at a higher rate brought capital into southern Alaska like no previous time in history. Industrial fish traps coming into use threatened the traditional ways of living for Native communities throughout Alaska. I have read many letters from village leaders, dating from the nineteenth to well into the 20th century addressing territorial and federal government officials with appeals to cease the practice for the sake of village survival. </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="text-align: start;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg19v3I6bVFbSpsiO4ZsvjquPvbEGhGJr6z07pjKV6LOcKca98qnIrXEgHSBog848GDnqMiJYX-LkjyQ1cN8aQkmVqavTSNAS7FftnBT3eAUrMfMnTIir3hr7dJVDV4pnX11FkwhCrn1Gk/s1600/Fish_traps__Ketchikan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="508" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg19v3I6bVFbSpsiO4ZsvjquPvbEGhGJr6z07pjKV6LOcKca98qnIrXEgHSBog848GDnqMiJYX-LkjyQ1cN8aQkmVqavTSNAS7FftnBT3eAUrMfMnTIir3hr7dJVDV4pnX11FkwhCrn1Gk/s640/Fish_traps__Ketchikan.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fish Traps: Logs lie in the water near shore and small wooden structures perch atop them in the Tongass Narrows near Ketchikan. 4 X 5 B&W negative.Steve McCutcheon, McCutcheon Collection, Anchorage Museum, B1990.14.5.TV.93.46</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Ah44eAXK8D4/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ah44eAXK8D4?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
The Days of Salmon Traps & Fish Pirates</div>
</div>
<br />
By 1889 the territorial government made illegal blocking off entire rivers with traps. In 1906 any permanently secured traps within known salmon migration routes were forbidden. Scholar Steve Colt has the great resource "Salmon Fish Traps in Alaska:An Economic History Perspective" on the Alaskool website <a href="http://www.alaskool.org/projects/traditionalife/fishtrap/fishtrap.htm">here</a>. He contends that the rise of fish traps brought two problems to Native Alaska. "<span style="background-color: white;">Besides appropriating [Native people's] major food source," he writes, "the fish trap replaced purchases from Native fishermen and made Natives the first group to join a growing chorus of protest against the brutal efficiency of the trap." In other words, the trap left Native fishers without jobs and the larger Native community with less food.</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHxT9UIpgO9ZR4nou-ds1vnYc7FEepTBIUqrZdhLMB02yrDfoQ1b55O0Jjj7njT0fFbhSFyIzqS2VpCCI0C8rMTKRIP2gt93EO4kNN7XvJqz5KA4qjcWwM2DTrWEHq7eFbUBnClnJzMfs/s1600/Alaska_Packers_Association_fish_traps_on_Wood_River%252C_Bristol_Bay%252C_Alaska%252C_1900_%2528COBB_240%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="506" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHxT9UIpgO9ZR4nou-ds1vnYc7FEepTBIUqrZdhLMB02yrDfoQ1b55O0Jjj7njT0fFbhSFyIzqS2VpCCI0C8rMTKRIP2gt93EO4kNN7XvJqz5KA4qjcWwM2DTrWEHq7eFbUBnClnJzMfs/s640/Alaska_Packers_Association_fish_traps_on_Wood_River%252C_Bristol_Bay%252C_Alaska%252C_1900_%2528COBB_240%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Alaska Packers Association fish traps on Wood River, Bristol Bay, Alaska, 1900 Photographer John Nathan Cobb.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
When an organization would set traps at the mouths of rivers these traps would capture great amounts of salmon, leaving little to none for village subsistence users. What was seen as blocking off entire traditional fishing areas to Native communities proved a deeply political issue for decades within Native and non-Native households. William Paul in the October, 1928 publication of the ANB newspaper<i> The Alaska Fisherman</i> made the desisting of fish traps one of the main agendas during a campaign for office. He writes that what sets him apart from other candidates was that, "I will not rest until ALL FISH TRAPS ARE ABOLISHED." "Fish" he asserts, "should be caught by Alaskans." In the statement he also aligns the seasonal colonial fishing enterprise with the racialized migrant labor force these companies hired in situations extremely asymmetric for Filipinos. In a previous post I've examined how William Paul felt camaraderie with Filipinos workers in Alaska, yet this political advert below is not without the intonation of racialized language.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxIa5HFezORdJK_kDfSqHs-JTIuyuFbaviwdnHYBzY2KW3hVyhgHeVwJeoOHbqWhxC1wQBv44EBBfdXBjnO7xg_40Hgj7TRhJq8uqOytfHIiKOfYH5uo3thfE-IPMoYXc2OhK_O10apDg/s1600/IMG_3354.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxIa5HFezORdJK_kDfSqHs-JTIuyuFbaviwdnHYBzY2KW3hVyhgHeVwJeoOHbqWhxC1wQBv44EBBfdXBjnO7xg_40Hgj7TRhJq8uqOytfHIiKOfYH5uo3thfE-IPMoYXc2OhK_O10apDg/s640/IMG_3354.jpg" width="478" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="text-align: start;"><br /></span></div>
Previous to the 1930s Filipino cannery workers, not yet unionized, faced harsh and forbidding conditions amid long hours of work often in secluded cannery sites. Paul's affront to "trapowners" and "Filipinos"I think should be weighed with the consideration that many in these two groups would leave Alaska after the closing of fishing season to places where food sources where in great supply. Perhaps with this statement he could rouse non-Native non-Filipino workers into voting for him by figuring an imagined sincere bond between the "trapowners" and Filipino workers. As a student of power, I find the forging of affiliations and dis-alliances between racial and indigenous communities in formal political arenas as unending and not surprising in anyway. Additionally, if ones peers to the bottom of the advert one can see Paul's appeal to women voters with his support of a platform that would "recognize woman's part in life," by redefining "Community Property Laws." Taken together, the racialization of the fish trap issue, and all for the mobilization of women voters, shows the importance fish traps and property rights were in Alaska Territory amid the first decades of the 20th century.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHNYThFws_3DNZc4s_EbuKavyGJl17QdAeFDXdgJPspOOFHdKZUtzNfA6t4fSGmmnNPaAn2A5exlr8WYSmxaJwnYt2W1KDd365RNLNft7cjhY8XxUV8bkvkFOpe5wrVjaO-xI8wqBAXIo/s1600/IMG_3418.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHNYThFws_3DNZc4s_EbuKavyGJl17QdAeFDXdgJPspOOFHdKZUtzNfA6t4fSGmmnNPaAn2A5exlr8WYSmxaJwnYt2W1KDd365RNLNft7cjhY8XxUV8bkvkFOpe5wrVjaO-xI8wqBAXIo/s400/IMG_3418.jpg" width="298" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
20 years later William Paul still found the topic of fish traps deserving of his time. Here is a 1948 article (from I believe Eskimo Magazine) where Paul, freed from the impressing discourses of formal governmental politics, lent a more substantial read to the problems fish traps cause for Native communities. Entitled "Fish and Fish Traps—<i>The Indian Viewpoint,</i>" the article pits industrial fish traps as contrary to Indigenous ways of living. Yet as Paul drew out this argument he also put forth that Native people have always being willing to "submit" to any regulation that "honestly" seeks "conservation" as "its end." Noting forms of conservation efforts as colonial practice, he writes that, "The Indian realized that all areas suitable for his form of gear the seine is closed 'in the interests of conservation.' " Perhaps one could infer the meaning of this passage as Paul communicating that industrial capital with fish traps could convince governments to open expanses of water to suit their needs while Native communities without such power would find their traditional areas closed to their use.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3ReSkDBwKYUL_jWfY8P-EusNAbXnOQIpbwj5SNEYkOryuX9MdMknFcay01ljTmJ-0V23N0G87wMnw1IFWTDwztmqtSzpkUV9TCxwFXX7nG3-qeR6SF3Wepbz4XvZs4YPd_jY57BpSr-o/s1600/IMG_3419.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3ReSkDBwKYUL_jWfY8P-EusNAbXnOQIpbwj5SNEYkOryuX9MdMknFcay01ljTmJ-0V23N0G87wMnw1IFWTDwztmqtSzpkUV9TCxwFXX7nG3-qeR6SF3Wepbz4XvZs4YPd_jY57BpSr-o/s640/IMG_3419.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
In the end of this article Paul wrote that those fishing up river should be allowed to capture as many fish as the fish traps built along its mouth. "The fish belong to everybody," he writes, "and therefore you a lower fisherman [at the mouth] will not be allowed to capture all the fish and deprive me an upper fisherman of my share." This saying was to him a principle as "old as the Magna C[]arta," signed in 1215 by English king John proclaiming that no one is above the law. These pieces by William Paul are only two of the many pieces written by Alaska Natives concerning the Native environmental politics of fish traps in 20th in Alaska.<br />
<br />Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17424860431342813248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6650551577816435810.post-91665244230893924422015-12-14T13:59:00.002-08:002015-12-14T14:33:51.120-08:00Aseuluk Relocation: No More Sleeping Villages There is a current political movement in Alaska to close rural public schools in order to balance the state's budget. This of course would mean that thousands of children would have to relocate to the region's few urban centers to gain a formal education, leaving their families behind, or that they would enroll in distance-based courses administered through these urban schools and lack the face-to-face experience so important for a quality educational experience. The dismantling of the school system would hold severe outcomes for Native villages, many that already possess a history of forced <span style="font-family: "crimson text" , serif; font-size: 17px;">emigration</span> brought on by past governmental policies. Growing up in rural Alaska I am familiar with how imperative it is for families to stay together so they can maintain traditional knowledges and subsistence lifestyles in their indigenous environments. Not only that the relocation of children out of villages undermines the training of such children in the vocations their families employ to support themselves in a global marketplace.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXhsy75OlznBZUQZk_fqxq5bQnCZI3X_VegBMJDixFyaStYFz4QM02eflEbYuDYmnBakEaufg_mYn1TyRthngFvzsHGd-Cqz1MCqlYVQsD39mdRfaS7LJrAzvDdtV4YAMIRatZK2NOyLM/s1600/King_Island_cliff_houses.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXhsy75OlznBZUQZk_fqxq5bQnCZI3X_VegBMJDixFyaStYFz4QM02eflEbYuDYmnBakEaufg_mYn1TyRthngFvzsHGd-Cqz1MCqlYVQsD39mdRfaS7LJrAzvDdtV4YAMIRatZK2NOyLM/s640/King_Island_cliff_houses.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> King Island cliff houses. "View of some of the homes built along the cliffs of King Island. The buildings are supported by stilts braced against the steep slopes. A hide is stretched out on a frame in the right hand side foreground of the photograph." UAA-hmc-0219-131T</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">T</span>he community of about 200 people on Ugiuvak, or King Island in English named in the 1700s by James Cook, had over the course of decades been a target for policies and actions that pushed hard enough to evacuate all the inhabitants from the island by the late 20th century. Before these policies the Aseuluk wintered in Ugiuvak for well over a 1000 years constructing elaborate villages with nimble architectural forms that still sit on the Island's cliffs, perched over the Bering Sea. Above you can see the these homes, keeping in mind Ugiuvak is without trees, the villagers collected all building timber when it was drift wood. Government policies enacted during World War II dislocated residents throughout Alaska, and Aseuluk people were not immune to this. Popular historical narratives tend to focus on a tuberculosis outbreak being the catalyst for Aseuluk abandonment of the island, about a mile away from Nome, yet others point to the closing of the village school in 1959 as a main reason for the island's current day desolation. With the children in schools on the mainland, residents grew shorthanded in the work required for indigenous subsistence lifestyle, a hallmark of tradition for Native people. The parents then followed their children to towns like Nome, Fairbanks, and Anchorage. The off-island economies also played a part in luring people from the Island. Since the 1970s these families have lived away from King Island.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg8Tfih2nq-WK5ttWR71_MIwKhJLGQRGi238kRH63ahGaL9_7U-j7hFaTuju5ZyTvvr79B9i0Q5zLjndTNrevHTDyXvAL0auuoNj4Mk-AAte0UokMBjB4qFCGq2KTqe7_M2mUjlpE0xBQ/s1600/Nome_School_Eskimo_Kid.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg8Tfih2nq-WK5ttWR71_MIwKhJLGQRGi238kRH63ahGaL9_7U-j7hFaTuju5ZyTvvr79B9i0Q5zLjndTNrevHTDyXvAL0auuoNj4Mk-AAte0UokMBjB4qFCGq2KTqe7_M2mUjlpE0xBQ/s640/Nome_School_Eskimo_Kid.jpg" width="630" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A school in Nome, 1973. AMRC-B1990-014-5-AK</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
A couple years ago I was fortunate to see the King Island Dancers perform at the Native Heritage Center in Anchorage. When Yup'ik writer and performer Jack Dalton introduced them he said something to the effect of, "Just because you've been made landless doesn't mean you don't have a home." Being very moved by that statement I watched on, appreciating the ways such practices like dance serve to keep the spiritual and pragmatic ties to the village with the culture. Below is a clip of them with the Little Diomede Dancers in 2013. (The last time I saw them was a performance with the youth performers included, which was awesome.)<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/PIxYH_ViZFA/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PIxYH_ViZFA?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
Poet Joan Naviyuk Kane often embeds the history of the relocation and its consequences in her work. In an interview with National Public Radio, Kane describes her mother feelings when she learned as a child that she wouldn't be allowed to return to the island due to school closures. Kane says in the interview, "there was ... this belief that perhaps it was a temporary relocation, a temporary closure of the school." While some believed that the school closing was temporary it helped stoke a diaspora of islanders onto the mainland. Now Ugiuvak stands as what one can call a "sleeping village," a term I'm employing here to suggest that just because the village is presently without occupants now, is not condemning it to a future without Aseuluk residents in the future. (Note: I borrowed the meaning of the term "sleeping language," coined by Miami Linguist Wesley Y. Leonard, in which he asserts that Indigenous people can always return to using cultural practices, after they have long stopped doing so.) In fact, Joan Naviyuk Kane recently ventured to the island for a cultural homecoming, financed partially through crowdsourcing. In an interview with Harvard Magazine she responded to if and how the return to the island would make its way into her work, <span style="font-family: "crimson text" , serif; font-size: 17px;">“I think I’m ready to begin in the next couple of months,” she says, “and really make sense of how hard it is to go back to a place that was </span><em style="font-family: 'Crimson Text', serif; font-size: 17px;">left</em><span style="font-family: "crimson text" , serif; font-size: 17px;">—that people emigrated or migrated from—and of this idea of returning.”</span> Below is a clip of Kane reading her work during an Alaska Writers Quarterly reading.<br />
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Po6IL9zyZX0/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Po6IL9zyZX0?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<br />
The school closure on Ugiuvak and how it brought long term displacement to an entire Native community is an example of what is possible if the state closes rural schools. While shutting them down may not end Native cultures, such actions assist in reenforcing dominant systems that inflict hard choices on Native individuals, such as to remain at home without formal educations or leave home to make a living after their economies downgrade in the wake of taking apart public education for rural villages.<br />
<br />
<br />
SOURCES<br />
NPR Interview with Kane: <a href="http://www.npr.org/2013/06/21/193952830/ghost-island-looms-large-among-displaced-inupiat-eskimo">http://www.npr.org/2013/06/21/193952830/ghost-island-looms-large-among-displaced-inupiat-eskimo</a><br />
Harvard Magazine article about her return to the Island: <a href="http://harvardmagazine.com/2015/01/a-poets-return">http://harvardmagazine.com/2015/01/a-poets-return</a><br />
Threat of closing schools: <a href="http://www.alaskapublic.org/2015/10/23/wasilla-lawmaker-keep-education-spending-in-check-cut-rural-schools/">http://www.alaskapublic.org/2015/10/23/wasilla-lawmaker-keep-education-spending-in-check-cut-rural-schools/</a><br />
About King Island: <a href="http://www.preservationnation.org/issues/11-most-endangered/locations/king-island.html">http://www.preservationnation.org/issues/11-most-endangered/locations/king-island.html</a><br />
Some of Wesley Leonard's work<br />
<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wesley_Leonard">https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wesley_Leonard</a><br />
<br /></div>
Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17424860431342813248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6650551577816435810.post-24905226310912454022015-11-30T11:16:00.002-08:002015-11-30T21:45:03.026-08:00The Activist Work of Amy Hallingstad: "Taking our land from us means driving us off the face of the earth" <br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj84SVw5elvMn0dZykYblegGGxzf8U1WoAeXngIZLUqxVWHWepf5w-7MEjqTQlljbc2lMgkoNWbRDaN3ioAwsm8V5rLVJhkQq-gGfQFm6naJTdGwyqYRsGzxExXV0Ci1_GagMDtU2ZCcfc/s1600/Petersburg_AK.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="126" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj84SVw5elvMn0dZykYblegGGxzf8U1WoAeXngIZLUqxVWHWepf5w-7MEjqTQlljbc2lMgkoNWbRDaN3ioAwsm8V5rLVJhkQq-gGfQFm6naJTdGwyqYRsGzxExXV0Ci1_GagMDtU2ZCcfc/s640/Petersburg_AK.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> Petersburg, Alaska. ASL-P258-III-67-687</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
On December 19, 1947, two years after the passage of the Alaska Anti-Discrimination Act, a Tlingit resident of Petersburg, Alaska Amy Hallingstad wrote a letter to the National Congress of American Indians, then a newly founded Native rights organization. Though beginning with an ironic opening line, her correspondence progressed to concerned the fierce racial oppression Native people in her village faced on a seemingly day to day basis. The Anti-Discrimination Act was to allow Native people to live in Alaska with access to public spaces and to conduct themselves without the fear of prejudice from non-Native residents. Her letter begins as follows,<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Dear Mrs. Bronson:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Here in the land of Santa Claus, Christmas will bring little cheer to our children this year.<br />
We natives, 35,000 Eskimos, Indians and Aleuts, are half of Alaska's permanent population,<br />
and we must watch our children die of diseases that come from cold and lack of food. Our<br />
homes and lands, our fisheries and trees, our trap· lines and reindeer, everything we possess<br />
is being seized or threatened by unscrupulous white men, who tell us that what they<br />
<div>
are doing to us has been approved in Washington.<br />
All of the promises that have come to us from Washington are now broken.<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhyGLXyk7WpUHgkVofOKC97QbnFERR_i320QMzJfEsddb-11L8j9vQ1LRWzJv_0xYTMmDYL-08rX0UcG7psa4swnMfSKcxDRSK3W-IyEYWyL8ChdISXU3L4m1XZbUuSFyZTT9aSlB1sbI/s1600/Fish_camp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhyGLXyk7WpUHgkVofOKC97QbnFERR_i320QMzJfEsddb-11L8j9vQ1LRWzJv_0xYTMmDYL-08rX0UcG7psa4swnMfSKcxDRSK3W-IyEYWyL8ChdISXU3L4m1XZbUuSFyZTT9aSlB1sbI/s640/Fish_camp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
President of the Alaska Native Sisterhood, Amy Hallingstate happen to be the first Native student to enroll at the Peterburg school as a child, and as an adult, when writing the letter, she grappled to understand why "Eskimos, Indians, and Aleuts," would be having their property forcibly taken by white men, regardless of the territory's laws against such behavior. As national citizens in the Alaska Territory, Native people in villages and towns, many of their own making, were having non-Native residents vandalize and assault them with impunity. Her list of such abuses includes livestock, trees, and entire fisheries that non-Native people had taken from them. After highlighting the illegal and horrifying aggressions perpatrated upon the Native community in Petersburg, her letter then lends treatment to the legal agreements forge between Native communities and the federal government that vowed the Native land rights and other associative hunting and fishing agreements.<br />
<br />
Presidents and Secretaries of the Interior have promised us the last time was in June, 1946<br />
—that the boundaries of all our lands would be marked out clearly so that no trespasser </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
would take the fish and game and furs that we need to keep our children warm and well fed <br />
throughout the long Alaskan winters. Now Secretary Krug, who is supposed to be our<br />
guardian, refuses to let this promise be kept. Petitions on his desk from many native villages<br />
are still unanswered. Secretary Krug himself promised us, on the 9th day of last December, </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
that he would have such boundary line drawn immediately, beginning with the </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
lands of Klukwan. That promise, too, stands broken. Our friends in the Indian Bureau<br />
have made many efforts to hold such hearings. Always Secretary Krug has stopped them.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Drawing the connection to land and environmental resources with the wellbeing of Native children, Hallingstad illuminates the importance of subsistence life-ways for Native people. For her, the government breaking an agreement that demarcated established boundaries to traditional areas, as well as access for hunting and fishing, held dire consequence on the village's most vulnerable. The federal government has not responded, even though villages residents had organized petitions demanding answers and solutions to such problems. In pointing out Krug's alleged unwillingness to work in concert with prior accords with Native people, Hallingstad sites an example from the arctic region of the territory.<br />
<br />
We were promised by Secretary Krug on the same day, that our farthest north Eskimo town,<br />
Barrow, on the Arctic Ocean, would be allowed a town reserve to include its whaling grounds<br />
and the places where its men dig the coal to keep warm with through the long Arctic night.<br />
That promise, too, stands broken. We were promised by President Roosevelt, President<br />
Hoover, President Coolidge, President Wilson, and even by presidents before their<br />
days, that our possessions would always be protected.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimRBGbg-3pou3tu_inuV6RKhDcNPViC_du6h3MZOhZJENQn7KGaXvU3O4JyYLCsmj-ASxy_gH2RWKmdZpgIXKeaEJmhZUHUPFTCcxHd6POvolm3zpAqgdEur-9GX9i4PwoabjU-Pze39E/s1600/Cutting_up_head_of_whale_at_ice_edge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="496" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimRBGbg-3pou3tu_inuV6RKhDcNPViC_du6h3MZOhZJENQn7KGaXvU3O4JyYLCsmj-ASxy_gH2RWKmdZpgIXKeaEJmhZUHUPFTCcxHd6POvolm3zpAqgdEur-9GX9i4PwoabjU-Pze39E/s640/Cutting_up_head_of_whale_at_ice_edge.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Point Barrow, Alaska, 1899-1908. Reverend Samuel Spriggs. Photographs. ASL-PCA-320</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
In Barrow, she cites, how Native people's access to traditional whaling grounds had been denied, leaving them without a way to sustain themselves for the winter season. Moving from how the government failed to keep up its legal agreements with Natives, she discusses how not only are people being denied entry into places they have always gone (and possess federal rights to be there), but that they are being arrested for the very same actions the government allows corporations. The letter reads,<br />
<br />
Now the men in Washington who are supposed to be our protectors say that big corporations </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
can take our trees, our minerals and all our lands without asking our permission or paying us. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
One of our Eskimo boys was arrested and thrown into jail when he tried to mine jade on the </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
lands that belong to his own people. One of our Indian men was arrested when he tried to fish </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
in the fishing grounds that always belonged to the people of his house. Now the Agriculture </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Department men threaten to arrest us if we cut down our own trees. We are wondering if </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
they expect us to live on snow and to keep warm in the winter by burning ice.<br />
<br />
Now a bill has just been introduced in Congress by the heads of the Indian Affairs<br />
Committees, who are supposed to protect us, that would take away our reservations,<br />
which are our homes and our Promised Land. Where can we go then? We are not like<br />
white men who are always moving. Most of our homes and villages have been right<br />
where they are now for many hundreds of generations. We know this is true because<br />
animals that have not roamed on earth for thousands of years are sometimes found<br />
in the dump heaps of our villages. Taking our land from us means driving us off the<br />
face of the earth. When we were under the Russian Czars they said that nobody should<br />
take our possessions without our consent. When they sold Alaska they did not consult us,<br />
but they asked the United States to promise that our land rights would be respected. That<br />
promise is set out in the Treaty, but it is no longer observed.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqbXkeuOP5Eu34GIXiLIZLpd3Yn7Dwh4PHLF_BDiHKfpwo7cTHtNFiLVbh29hkuKISCl7sfa4DDGevLhJzuaEQ1Cnd_JmBC12pGAxdmgYFOPQfBkno4MDtAknZzTS6kg9fQMmrj7DSCeQ/s1600/Columbia_Lumber_Company_sawmill_at_Whittier_May_7_1947.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="522" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqbXkeuOP5Eu34GIXiLIZLpd3Yn7Dwh4PHLF_BDiHKfpwo7cTHtNFiLVbh29hkuKISCl7sfa4DDGevLhJzuaEQ1Cnd_JmBC12pGAxdmgYFOPQfBkno4MDtAknZzTS6kg9fQMmrj7DSCeQ/s640/Columbia_Lumber_Company_sawmill_at_Whittier_May_7_1947.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Columbia Lumber Company sawmill at Whittier, May 7, 1947. ASL-P207-31-29 </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
She insists that the laws in practice previous to the coming of the United States to Alaska, of which the nation agreed to honor, had been violated, even though Native communities have done there best to abide the newcomers. "We have gone to schools and learned how to operate sawmills and canneries in the most modern way," she wrote but, "Now that we are attempting to do this with our own resources, everything is taken from us, and we are thrown into jail." So while Natives attempt to adapt to the new regulations, the government and business are not living up to their side of the bargain struck with Natives. For Hallingstad, this breach is dispossessing entire communities to such a degree she asks, "Why? Why are we suddenly to be made what you call 'displaced persons?'" The laws, for her, are removing Native people from an environment that is used to construct the very cultures they possess. This leads her to ask,<br />
<br />
Is it because our skins are not as light as yours? But the Declaration of Independence<br />
you brought us says that all men are created equal. Your constitution promises that the<br />
property rights of all men-not just white men-shall be safeguarded. And the Bible that<br />
you brought us and translated into our native tongues says that we are all brothers<br />
and children of God. It does not say that it is all right for white men to rob from men<br />
of copper skin.<br />
<br />
Referencing both the nation's Declaration of Independence and the Bible, she pushes to understand why the government, and its actors, would allow such treatment to Native people. "Is this done to us on the ground that we are not citizens," she asks, "But your Congress passed a law in 1924 making us all citizens, and that law is still alive." While the Indian Citizenship Act made Native people throughout the nation's states and landholdings citizens she insists there might be a piebald organization to US citizenship. In closing her letter, she returns to referencing the Christmas season , writing, <br />
<br />
You have asked us not to lose faith in the American people, but to tell our story to<br />
those who will listen. And so we are asking Santa Claus, when he rides through<br />
Alaska this year, on his way south to gather the cries of our children and to take them with<br />
his sleigh bells to the hearts of men and women in the States who will dare to raise their<br />
voices in our behalf and to insist that their public servants in Washington shall not enrich<br />
their friends by giving away our trees, our fisheries, our traplines, our lands, and our homes.<br />
<br />
Respectfully,<br />
Amy Hallingstad<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Reference:<br />
<br />
Petersburg Listening Project: The Legacy of Amy Hallingstad"Alaska Native Sisterhood Human Rights Leader Amy Hallingstad – A Glimpse to 1947" <a href="http://vilda.alaska.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/cdmg47/id/42/rec/1">http://vilda.alaska.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/cdmg47/id/42/rec/1</a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://shispecialcollections.blogspot.com/2011/09/alaska-native-sisterhood-civil-rights.html">http://shispecialcollections.blogspot.com/2011/09/alaska-native-sisterhood-civil-rights.html</a><br />
<a href="http://www.kfsk.org/2015/08/17/native-civil-rights-activism-has-roots-in-petersburg/">http://www.kfsk.org/2015/08/17/native-civil-rights-activism-has-roots-in-petersburg/</a></div>
</div>
Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17424860431342813248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6650551577816435810.post-22711854791161109622015-10-18T16:47:00.002-07:002015-11-13T14:35:08.795-08:00Tlingit Encounters with the Second Kamchatka Expedition <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Years in the planning Russia's Second Kamchetka Expedition departed from the shores of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky with the two ships the St Paul and the St Peter in May 1741. The expedition leader Vitus Bering commanded the St. Peter and Aleksei Chirikov the St. Paul across the expansive eastern waters toward North America. In late June a rough storm forever divided the two ships. Below one can see their path, Bering in red and Chirikov in blue. From Kamchatka they kept pace with one another in trough and arc movement in the lower left of the map. Then they separated, heading their own directions, with Bering doubling back for a bit, correcting himself and heading southwest.</div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNqHgQHsiS7MN0P_ZXLuvdw1gV2zVwepmIhdGnVyC0saCKjE1mMCkm3RqXwFgNM8qFgfHu7qHf0jiezjl2YfASTjHPaIvwMbFU351wZE2p_9OHkXOpQiDJedoeGtfNXFguSY9J0YsxXZU/s1600/beringmpfl.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNqHgQHsiS7MN0P_ZXLuvdw1gV2zVwepmIhdGnVyC0saCKjE1mMCkm3RqXwFgNM8qFgfHu7qHf0jiezjl2YfASTjHPaIvwMbFU351wZE2p_9OHkXOpQiDJedoeGtfNXFguSY9J0YsxXZU/s640/beringmpfl.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">frontiers.loc.gov</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
In the longterm Bering's red route (above) proved more than slightly troubled, ending with the crew losing their commander and ship less than 300 miles from Kamchatka. In a previous post I marked the first contact Bering's party made with the Unanagan people by reading a section from Gorg Steller's journal, a naturalist who was part of the crew. Bering lost his life, the St. Peter was destroyed, and the crew stander on the Commander islands only 20 miles from Kamchatka for months, as they rebuilt another ship.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCqCKoYGOGGOGroqmiBNp3vPzkGYKCMiZGhgpFOznOXuV1SN3RBZfxcL_vDf7fmCxzebyGRt66qVyNFwixA6Wh-0TEi9_Jnp0p8TGntPV38BfJOXURLnEVW2-Mz_iRSh7_Txqk_L-U0Ac/s1600/The_grave_of_Vitus_Bering.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCqCKoYGOGGOGroqmiBNp3vPzkGYKCMiZGhgpFOznOXuV1SN3RBZfxcL_vDf7fmCxzebyGRt66qVyNFwixA6Wh-0TEi9_Jnp0p8TGntPV38BfJOXURLnEVW2-Mz_iRSh7_Txqk_L-U0Ac/s320/The_grave_of_Vitus_Bering.jpg" width="205" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Grave of Vitus Bering. Photo by Leon Petrosyan</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Following the blue line one can see that Alexie Chirikov's course led the St. Paul east, toward what is now called Alaska's southeast (or an area non-Alaskans label part of the 'Northwest'). Chirikov's party traveling aboard the St. Paul, the blue line, turned north eventually reaching Haida, Tsimshian, and Tlingit coastal territories. The crew saw land at Baker Island off Prince of Wales Island at the south end of what it now the Alaska panhandle, approximately 450 miles southeast of Bering's landfall near the mountain, Yasʼéitʼaa Shaa, meaning "mountain behind Icy Bay," or Shaa Tleinat "Giant Mountian," near the north end of the panhandle, (officially called by the United States and Canada as Mount Saint Elias). Unable to locate a suitable harbor the St. Paul sailed north along to meet with Sheet'-ká X'áat'l, now known more broadly as Baranov Island. In these waters the commander sent out a longboat with a crew of to find an anchorage site to which they could take shelter. On July18, ten members of the crew, including two siberian guides embarked toward the shoreline. Historians <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/40316642">Bland and </a><a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/40316642">Grinëv</a> detail that, "they were all armed with guns, straight navy broadswords, and cutlasses, and in addition they were given as mall copper cannon and two signal rockets. Dement'ev was ordered to be very careful and to try to gain the trust of the local inhabitants with small gifts in the form of kettles, beads, Chinese tobacco, smoking pipes, fabric, needles, and silver coins." This party never returned to the St. Paul. After a few days Chirikov sent a smaller party of 5 men to search for the missing ones. This group of sailors also disappeared without notice.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTvg4HlA_4HMQIiHQaXBQVyRVDaTkTwyp84KC2lXtfWcay-cCCo1DTEkW1CK_NaaOzSd0YQ61zrMWhkp5Y7OieIa9tvUFyjRsl_vWWw25hSZWxL9Fr2WlinIATmu42svvHrhOUxc3yvaQ/s1600/Top_Mt_St_Elias_and_Icy_Bay_Glacier_Alaska__Bottom_Icy_Bay_Glacier_Alaska.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="438" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTvg4HlA_4HMQIiHQaXBQVyRVDaTkTwyp84KC2lXtfWcay-cCCo1DTEkW1CK_NaaOzSd0YQ61zrMWhkp5Y7OieIa9tvUFyjRsl_vWWw25hSZWxL9Fr2WlinIATmu42svvHrhOUxc3yvaQ/s640/Top_Mt_St_Elias_and_Icy_Bay_Glacier_Alaska__Bottom_Icy_Bay_Glacier_Alaska.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mt. St. Elias and Icy Bay Glacier, Alaska. & Icy Bay Glacier, Alaska.By Fhoki Kayamori. Photographs, ca. 1912-1941.ASL-P55-117</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
After a few more days Chirikov set up closer to the shore firing cannons in hopes of catching the attention of the missing crew members. As they searched they saw two canoes approaching them, with Native who waved their arms, yelling "Agai! Agai!"Then the boats returned to the shore. Renowned scholars of Tlingit History, Language, and culture, Nora and the late Richard Dauenhauer, have put forth that the Tlingit party were exclaiming, ""Ayx?a\"or "Row!" perhaps as they returned to land. On the 27th Chirikov sailed west without his crew members.</div>
<div>
<br />
Historians tell divergent narratives about the fate of the men the St. Paul left behind. In "Reflections on the Fate of Alexei Chirikov's Missing Men" scholars Andrei V. Grinëv and Richard L. Bland debate the current literature surrounding the possible destiny these men faced after they left the sight. Many scholars suggest that the Tlingit captured the crew either taking their lives at that point or impressing them into service for a Tlingit family. Yet even more scholars discount such a proposed fate by insisting that due to the being deep into fishing and hunting season, Native people would have been less concerned about fighting with the crew members than with stocking up for the coming winter.</div>
<div>
<br />
Based on traditional stories, the honored late Tlingit scholar Mark Jacobs, <a href="http://juneauempire.com/stories/012005/obi_20050120018.shtml#.ViQh68u1GfQ">Jr.</a>, put forth that the crew members meeting with Native people decided to stay on land because life on the ship, under military disciplined confines, left the men scared to return. These men married into families and their descendents became clan leaders. Often ship's officers used nefarious methods to enlist men on board. After sailing through the Bering, the St. Paul, low on food and water, without a distinct direction of travel perhaps convinced these sailors to spend their days in Tlingit territory, adopting into clans. In the past 270 years Russian artifacts have been found in villages, that are said to be dated back to around this time. There is also an oral history of Chief Annahootz, meaning "Grizzly Bear," disguising himself as a bear as to ambush the shored crew members. And perhaps in this meeting the crew members decided to stay on the mainland. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /><br /> <br />
<div>
<br /></div>
For further reading:<br />
<br />
<div>
Nora Dauenhauer and Richard Dauenhauer. <i>Haa Shuka, Our Ancestors: Tlingit Oral Narratives.</i> Seattle/London: University of Washington Press/Sealaska Heritage Foundation. - 1990.<br />
<br />
<div>
Jacobs, Mark. “Early Encounters Between the Tlingit and the Russians,” in Alaska History, Number 35: Russia in North America: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Russian America, edited by Richard Pierce, pp. 1-6. Fairbanks, AK: The Limestone Press, 1990.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Andrei V. Grinëv and Richard L. Bland. "Reflections on the Fate of Alexei Chirikov's Missing Men."Arctic Anthropology, Vol. 42, No. 2 (2005), pp. 1-8 </div>
<br />
Lydia Black, <i>Russians in Alaska.</i> U of Alaska press, 2004.<br />
<br />
<div>
<div>
<div class="page" title="Page 1">
<div class="section" style="background-color: rgb(100.000000%, 100.000000%, 100.000000%);">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<span style="font-family: "code2000"; font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17424860431342813248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6650551577816435810.post-60499557093942415282015-07-07T13:25:00.001-07:002015-07-13T21:24:09.128-07:00Self-reinvention in the Birth of the Last FrontierOn June 25, 1897 the steamer the Alice carried a first load of gold through St. Michael's Trading post in Yupik territory on the western coast of the Alaska. Originally the Russian American company founded <i>St. Michael Redoubt</i> in 1833 and by 1897 the town of <i>St. Michael</i> became a major hub in the burgeoning Yukon-Alaska Gold Rush. The map below illustrates the Yukon trade routes the mineral would travel with St. Michael there on the shores of western Alaska Territory.<br />
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQrVIjNXWzC-9aPgaq5PF57B-OAejMbIF8FtngX_DeRJ-kud6AXbif9I1VWHvq0z-o31xjhjiaBGn03jtGsF14xJsZOvI2pVclOLyLkHVJBSlt1msvYN8n9GFLOeRtaccjd4Py3InLtbc/s1600/Klondike_Routes_Map2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQrVIjNXWzC-9aPgaq5PF57B-OAejMbIF8FtngX_DeRJ-kud6AXbif9I1VWHvq0z-o31xjhjiaBGn03jtGsF14xJsZOvI2pVclOLyLkHVJBSlt1msvYN8n9GFLOeRtaccjd4Py3InLtbc/s640/Klondike_Routes_Map2.png" width="540" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Klondike travel routes</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Between 1886 and 1899 approximately 100,000 people entered (invaded?) the Alaska-Yukon area with aspirations of securing hefty tins of gold. This urgent haste started after, in August 1896, a group of Tagist family members, Shaaw Tláa, K̲áa Goox̱, and Keish, and Shaaw Tláa's non-Native husband George Carmack located gold in Rabbit Creek (afterwords known as Banaza Creek), around the relatively new (and contested) border between Alaska and Canada. The family decided to allow Carmack to announce the discovery to the trading post because the authorities would most likely have denied such claims made by Native people, leaving the claim open to others.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzfI_KQvN9BpBXhGw7UAqephOQYRfYiHLwxQ7nCAbmN1wniFQIQC5NDoy1q77bYr_XpN1bIBg7C5kfeyAI5Rw' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<br />
When near-do-wells flooded the north armed with pick axes and gold pans they transformed the shape and governance structures of Natives villages and towns. For example within a year from three prospectors finding gold in the village of Siqnazuaq in 1897, which previously held less than a 1,000 residents, the population swelled to 10,000. Upon the coming of this immense amount of people, Siqnazuaq's name was changed to Nome, Alaska. It's estimated that by the early twentieth century the town's population reached 28, 000. Currently, the population sits under 4,000.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4-U7NZJeIs5SuloShyphenhyphenLxv_nGPf5nVzojBbHcDZ-Gf16fvXgq4bs5jorzmiAHItsfPeHvdvoYbZosVyAMxzy4IKLUONvEpcCDF0hxBtf4eRkO1o4VSAEtNzU2N7PCkAgctjtZsPsKJ0Ok/s1600/AK_DFW_167.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4-U7NZJeIs5SuloShyphenhyphenLxv_nGPf5nVzojBbHcDZ-Gf16fvXgq4bs5jorzmiAHItsfPeHvdvoYbZosVyAMxzy4IKLUONvEpcCDF0hxBtf4eRkO1o4VSAEtNzU2N7PCkAgctjtZsPsKJ0Ok/s400/AK_DFW_167.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
The Alaska Territory's boom economy reopened an American frontier once proclaimed closed by historian Fredrick Jackson Turner in 1893 with his work <a href="http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/TURNER/" target="_blank">The Frontier in American History</a>. In the nineteenth century there was an idea that the continent was an empty space allowing non-Natives to travel westward, securing land and sequestering and killing Native people, until the movement ended on the Pacific side of the contiguous part of the nation, what would be known as the "Lower-48." As the United States pushed westward that shifting border allowed those, within the context of U.S. sponsorship, to reinvent themselves. For Turner, the end of the frontier meant the foreclosure to a distinct way of life, an end for the ability of the nation's population to reinvent and adapt themselves to a new land. Fortunately for the nation, the gold rush in the Alaska Territory created a "Last Frontier" bringing with it a sense of renewal to the nation's imagination. Factory workers in the industrial economy could rest assured that there were rugged independent people at the edge of the nation living lives that their own social and financial situations disallowed them (this is of course the time when Inuit art came to serve a similar purpose).<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZLuAimYDWD_MPGPUpS2ihvU-30zbUZLLxv6Ur9Uzg3600JNi_TLNDteMsrPsPI17A4bkEsa25L7O7gKGLezzFz9Uyi-JCZgW6CxjCCxIU-83rRNd3IazSkuSuq3QuBs_ZSi2fR-oNvTc/s1600/Felix_Pedro.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZLuAimYDWD_MPGPUpS2ihvU-30zbUZLLxv6Ur9Uzg3600JNi_TLNDteMsrPsPI17A4bkEsa25L7O7gKGLezzFz9Uyi-JCZgW6CxjCCxIU-83rRNd3IazSkuSuq3QuBs_ZSi2fR-oNvTc/s640/Felix_Pedro.jpg" width="497" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;">Felice Pedroni aka Felix Pedro</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
One such story of reinvention in the Last Frontier was that of prospector Felice Pedroni who uncovered gold amidst the shallows of Cleary Creek, now Pedro Creek, in the Fairbanks region of central Alaska allegedly on July 22, 1902. Born in Trignano di Fanano, Pedroni sailed to New York in 1881 at 23 years of age when he reinvented himself as Felix Pedro, donning a Hispanic name change. Working his way through the country he moved to the Yukon in 1895, with dreams of gold. His search went on for years as he worked claims on either side of the border. Upon a discovery near the Tanana Hills, he famously exclaimed, "There's gold in them there hills!"<br />
<br />
Journalist and historian Dermot Cole discusses the shadow of scandal and drama that surrounded Pedroni's life in this exciting <a href="http://www.newsminer.com/news/dermot_cole/accusations-of-scandal-legal-battle-followed-felix-pedro-to-the/article_7635918a-f112-11e2-a15e-001a4bcf6878.html?mode=print" target="_blank">article</a> published through the Alaskan Newsminer.com. Pedroni's claim to the mining site proves complicated by a partner Alexander L. Hanot, whom Pedroni knew from his days working in Washington state. Pedro claimed that the only reason Hanot became a split partner with him was that latter owed him 75,000 dollars and that signing him into the claim protected Pedroni's assets due to an alleged maternity case. Hanot denied such allegations that he owed money or that even his share of the claim was fake in any sense. Pedro asserted that when he made the deal with Hanot he was not of a healthy mind. From 1903 to 1909 various people testified to Pedro's deteriorating mental health, notes Cole. Yet, other's testified to the contrary! In divorce papers, Cole writes, Pedro's wife accused her husband of fraud in the Hanot situation.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpd0HoWo2WLbcmJiBtsRZazdyzi6xBpFAP3AtwmkCJUSjjBPsbYvqqf7-xd9TcAUWLdo0EaLjVax3tEjfo1EDsJy__FNVuJDWKm3eHf3ShAGogbNqZZsD5IlnDRtE9Fw0pPHPfxLeLZu8/s1600/Felix_Pedro_monument.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="440" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpd0HoWo2WLbcmJiBtsRZazdyzi6xBpFAP3AtwmkCJUSjjBPsbYvqqf7-xd9TcAUWLdo0EaLjVax3tEjfo1EDsJy__FNVuJDWKm3eHf3ShAGogbNqZZsD5IlnDRtE9Fw0pPHPfxLeLZu8/s640/Felix_Pedro_monument.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">View of a stone monument with brass plaque dedicated to Felix Pedro located at mile 16.5 of the Steese Highway at the location where Felix Pedro is believed to have discovered gold in 1902. UAA-hmc-0620-series1-f5-16</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
8 years after his claim, Pedro passed away at the age of 52. Reportedly losing his life to a heart attack, many thought he was a victim of murder. He body was buried in California and laid there until exhumed in 1972 to ship to his hometown in Italy. Upon the transfer, his body was examined and authorities determined his death was the result of ingesting poison. Many suspect his wife Mary Doran took his life. The notion of the frontier in the national imagery served for countless people such as Felice Pedroni shed their old lives as they domesticated an imagined frontier, refusing to acknowledge Indigenous lands, culture, and authority. One need not be Edward Said to see that the imaginative geography of imperial frontiers, which allow people to put forth, new names, or invented personas, are always home to other communities these actors help dispossess.<br />
<br />
<br />
Source:<br />
Dermot Cole's article "Accusations of scandal, legal battle followed Felix Pedro to the grave"<br />
<a href="http://www.newsminer.com/news/dermot_cole/accusations-of-scandal-legal-battle-followed-felix-pedro-to-the/article_7635918a-f112-11e2-a15e-001a4bcf6878.html">http://www.newsminer.com/news/dermot_cole/accusations-of-scandal-legal-battle-followed-felix-pedro-to-the/article_7635918a-f112-11e2-a15e-001a4bcf6878.html</a>Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17424860431342813248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6650551577816435810.post-35785850007534706942015-06-21T11:35:00.003-07:002018-02-04T14:48:48.903-08:00Attu Boy: Unangax̂ Prisoners of the Japanese during World War II<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyV9C0NcuwMr1g8vaudgyptb4aenyU9MiNnWjtBdbHrAriSkCI9L0Xl_KmFec47MplXdT9t-ZwhA4uRvsBNR9Mc9bxeRI1UtKBv80p6Uv9AogwfDt723aosdmB_PB9oB6uc782RCaZQ6o/s1600/JapaneseKiska.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="452" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyV9C0NcuwMr1g8vaudgyptb4aenyU9MiNnWjtBdbHrAriSkCI9L0Xl_KmFec47MplXdT9t-ZwhA4uRvsBNR9Mc9bxeRI1UtKBv80p6Uv9AogwfDt723aosdmB_PB9oB6uc782RCaZQ6o/s640/JapaneseKiska.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><div style="text-align: center;">
Japanese troops raise the Imperial battle flag on Kiska Island in the Aleutians on June 6, 1942</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
Coordinated with the Battle of Midway as part the Pacific Theater of World War II, around the island of Amaxnax̂, at Dutch Harbor, the Japanese Navy attacked the American territory of the Aleutian Islands. On June 3rd and 4th, 1942, six months after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, they took the US Navy Weather Station on Qisxa island, Kiska in English, that held 12 Navy personnel. Two American soldiers lost their lives as the Japanese rounded up the island's residents. One man fled their capture, but turned himself in after about a month and a half of hiding on the island. One of the main reasons for the occupation was that is doing so they could control that shipping route corridor of the North Pacific. I have an Sugpiaq cousin who worked down in Dutch Harbor during the war when he was 16 years old, cleaning the pilot's sleeping quarters. <br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2IGKeNCChpY3nJYegZub6LhyphenhyphenDiZA2RjFlUbbvjNZlemUBqkLVadIc3_3C1laDdRY4lWJCbelz_loBlXgiwE9AmoH1Uev6SScFlf6ya6bwido20Vdmw7ouaEUEjwLJNGtDsvzVniM51mo/s1600/Picture+10.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="377" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2IGKeNCChpY3nJYegZub6LhyphenhyphenDiZA2RjFlUbbvjNZlemUBqkLVadIc3_3C1laDdRY4lWJCbelz_loBlXgiwE9AmoH1Uev6SScFlf6ya6bwido20Vdmw7ouaEUEjwLJNGtDsvzVniM51mo/s640/Picture+10.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Picture of the June 3rd Attack on Dutch Harbor.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3p9oUuhl1FFobX2l0inp18aexCOjgel4pJPnnS3sVfOobmx2oqlEyX5zgPNXMsP9byEfYF5wZXcFVocXPgds-9N_azjOo1kpD8w1qakasLK0FY4FcdmSn9qe2EUFqACETwG1oYiBlC6A/s1600/The_village.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3p9oUuhl1FFobX2l0inp18aexCOjgel4pJPnnS3sVfOobmx2oqlEyX5zgPNXMsP9byEfYF5wZXcFVocXPgds-9N_azjOo1kpD8w1qakasLK0FY4FcdmSn9qe2EUFqACETwG1oYiBlC6A/s640/The_village.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">"The village. View of Attu." Photograph taken during the 1937 Smithsonian Institution's Archaeological Expedition to the Aleutian Islands. uaa-hmc-0690-s1-1937-69a </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: left;">
On June 7th, the 301st Independent Infantry Battalion of the Japanese Northern Army invaded the Aleutian island of Atan, or Attu in English. The axis fighters made 44 villagers, two of them non-Native, prisoners of war. The villagers remained captive for months before they removed them from the island and interned them at a prisoner of war camp at Otaru, Hokkaido. Half of the islanders would never return from the camp.</div>
</div>
<div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiIBxFjaIF6tmQvrLKEGtzmz91yQN_hp-M3E76Rjyp8hEKvcjdolZBdzQEGnazozHZqeHFGaEPa-m4Ycxb1zHGlXsaITYXS0gLuj6E8vsVxengFqAwAGq_412B59cqlLkKRCsqLhzJh7g/s1600/Aleut_Unangan_relocation_to_Southeast_Alaska_10_Kasaan_Killisnoo_and_Ward_Lake_Refugee_Camps_1942.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiIBxFjaIF6tmQvrLKEGtzmz91yQN_hp-M3E76Rjyp8hEKvcjdolZBdzQEGnazozHZqeHFGaEPa-m4Ycxb1zHGlXsaITYXS0gLuj6E8vsVxengFqAwAGq_412B59cqlLkKRCsqLhzJh7g/s640/Aleut_Unangan_relocation_to_Southeast_Alaska_10_Kasaan_Killisnoo_and_Ward_Lake_Refugee_Camps_1942.jpg" width="620" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;"> "Aleut (Unangan) relocation to Southeast Alaska: Kasaan, Killisnoo, and Ward Lake Refugee Camps, 1942." Photographer's notes: Vaccinations, Aleut Refugee children. Three girls, F. Prokopeuff, Oleana Snigaroff and Anfesia Gardner, laughing and holding their shoulder. ASL-P306-1065</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: left;">
On June 12, 1942 the United States began forcibly removing 880 Unangax̂ people, and their associated family members, from their villages in the Aleutians. After making them help raze their homes, the government boarded them on ships. Once in the water, government transported Non-Native villagers to the contiguous part of the nation and the Unangax̂ people taken to dilapidated facilities along the Alaskan Panhandle. Over the following two years, due to unsanitary conditions, one in ten islanders would lose their lives in residence at the camps. Important to note that just 30 miles away from one camp, the United States kept German prisoners of war in more humane conditions then they did their own citizens.</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNzQuOIYtGFAcKay2LJh1PqG60X_DEGMvNdzG9nlhlF7OCFgYy2DcQml2Dm-bCZV7Yg-GpdiXy8f6WUNJdgbCzZ90Pf4Hoibaa4JAOKQN6goMmf3EHjRubW67s-IszYu4I6m0WDFMSVdk/s1600/k2-_bb5a1c7f-f2f1-431c-9a45-888a5eaf0565.v1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNzQuOIYtGFAcKay2LJh1PqG60X_DEGMvNdzG9nlhlF7OCFgYy2DcQml2Dm-bCZV7Yg-GpdiXy8f6WUNJdgbCzZ90Pf4Hoibaa4JAOKQN6goMmf3EHjRubW67s-IszYu4I6m0WDFMSVdk/s400/k2-_bb5a1c7f-f2f1-431c-9a45-888a5eaf0565.v1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div>
This month marks 73 years since the United States and Japan began the transnational project to intern the Unangax^. These islanders suffered great losses even though they were not at war with either nation. United States and Japanese efforts to fight one another worked together in dislocating a third group of people (note: Unangax̂ were and are US citizens). Hundreds of islanders would never return to their homes again, nor would they reunite with their Non-Native loved ones at the time of the war's end. Nick Golodoff was a child on Attu when the Japanese invaded and occupied the island. He returned to live his life away from the village after surviving the prisoner of war camp in Otaru. The reason why he didn't go back was because with so few remaining islanders the government choose to leave the village uninhabited, distributing them to other villages. Golodoff wrote a beautiful memoir of his war time experiences in the book <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Attu-Boy-Young-Alaskans-Memoir/dp/1602232490" target="_blank">Attu Boy: A Young Alaskan's WWII Memoir</a>. Leaving behind loving family, Golodoff passed away in <a href="http://kucb.org/news/article/nick-golodoff-author-of-attu-boy-dies-at-77/" target="_blank">2013</a>. Below is a moving interview he did with then KUBC reporter<a href="http://wyomingpublicmedia.org/people/stephanie-joyce" target="_blank"> Stephanie Joyce</a> in 2012.</div>
</div>
<div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/kDabIADB-pU/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/kDabIADB-pU?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
<div>
A few resources:<br />
<a href="http://www.nps.gov/aleu/learn/historyculture/unangan-internment.htm">http://www.nps.gov/aleu/learn/historyculture/unangan-internment.htm</a><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<a href="http://www.nps.gov/aleu/learn/historyculture/upload/2-Introduction-Telling-the-Story-of-Attu.pdf">http://www.nps.gov/aleu/learn/historyculture/upload/2-Introduction-Telling-the-Story-of-Attu.pdf</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.nps.gov/aleu/learn/historyculture/upload/13-Conclusions-Bibliography.pdf">http://www.nps.gov/aleu/learn/historyculture/upload/13-Conclusions-Bibliography.pdf</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.nps.gov/aleu/learn/historyculture/unangan-internment.htm">http://www.nps.gov/aleu/learn/historyculture/unangan-internment.htm</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.nps.gov/aleu/learn/historyculture/upload/mobley-aleut-book-lo_res.pdf">http://www.nps.gov/aleu/learn/historyculture/upload/mobley-aleut-book-lo_res.pdf</a></div>
Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17424860431342813248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6650551577816435810.post-41463689784068957922015-06-01T10:15:00.004-07:002015-07-13T21:23:03.067-07:00The Politics of Alaska Native Arts and Culture Panel NAISA 2015<br />
<div class="page" title="Page 20">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSbiXSUl4dyQh5YuzgxS-st7RswosHnwHk5VC0f7e2yXQPLFHhIPtZxWsucKpTVY3Qx2QWIy4yx7zhFh9VBTt9cMBuUT2hZZ9dZTcUGG0779ueAGCfmYi26-8wEOdCn84XB_W8-keXlGQ/s1600/Unknown.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSbiXSUl4dyQh5YuzgxS-st7RswosHnwHk5VC0f7e2yXQPLFHhIPtZxWsucKpTVY3Qx2QWIy4yx7zhFh9VBTt9cMBuUT2hZZ9dZTcUGG0779ueAGCfmYi26-8wEOdCn84XB_W8-keXlGQ/s400/Unknown.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
The <a href="http://2015.naisaconference.org/" target="_blank">Native American and Indigenous Studies Association</a> (NAISA) 2015 Annual Meeting takes place from June 4-6 in Washington, DC, brought to life hosted by the National Congress of American Indians and other regional institutions. This year there are panels dedicated to Alaska Native Studies with other Alaska Native studies scholars in mixed panels. As 40 percent of the nation's tribes, I'm thrilled to see at all this work at the conference this year. Alaska specific things bolded, below. There maybe more, so we'll see.<br />
<br />
<div class="page" title="Page 20">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-weight: 700;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="page" title="Page 17">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<br />
<div class="page" title="Page 34">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<span style="font-family: 'Cambria'; font-size: 14.000000pt; font-weight: 700;">2:00 PM – 3:45 PM Friday June 5 </span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Cambria'; font-size: 14.000000pt; font-weight: 700;"><br /></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-weight: 700;">063. Politics of Alaska Native Arts and Culture</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;">Panel
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;">4:00 to 5:45 pm<br />
Hyatt Regency: Redwood
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;">Chair:
</span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;">Thomas Michael Swensen</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;">, Colorado State University
Participants:
</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;">“Propatriation: Tlingit Arts in the NAGPRA Era” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;">Emily Moore, Colorado State University<br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;">“Arts and Oral Traditions: Engaging “Storywork” in Higher Education” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;">Beth Leonard, University of
</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;"><b>Alaska Fairbanks
</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;"><b>“Uncovering a History of Art and Violence through Susie Silook’s The Anti-Depression Uliimaaq.”
</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;"><b>Thomas Michael Swensen, Colorado State University </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 19px; font-weight: bold;">Thursday June 4 </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 19px; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="page" title="Page 35">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-weight: 700;">111. Indigenous Natural law and Natural Resource Governance: Theoretical and Empirical
Perspectives<br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;">Panel<br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;">2:00 to 3:45 pm
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;">Hyatt Regency: Concord
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;">Chair:
</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<br />
<div class="page" title="Page 36">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;">TBD
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;">Participants:<br /><b>
Establishing Indigenous Natural Law through Indigenous Ontology & Epistemology </b></span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;"><b>Molly Sparhawk, </b></span><b style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">University of Alaska Fairbanks</b><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;">Re-examining Treaty through Nêhiyaw pimâcihowin (Plains Cree Way of Life): </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;">Paulina Reghan
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;">Johnson, Western University<br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;">Uncovering the Doctrine of Mana Moana to Better Articulate Maori rights to Water </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;">Victoria Skelton,
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;">University of Auckland
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;">Changing corporate culture: Indigenous influence on extractive companies via negotiated agreements
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;">Julia Keenan, The University of Queensland </span></div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 19px; font-weight: bold;">Saturday June 6</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 19px; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="page" title="Page 46">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<span style="font-family: 'Cambria'; font-size: 14.000000pt; font-weight: 700;">10:00 AM – 11:45 AM Saturday June 6</span><br />
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
<br />
<div class="page" title="Page 50">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-weight: 700;">158. Ecological Knowledge and Imagination
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;">Paper Session
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;">10:00 to 11:45 am<br />
Hyatt Regency: Yellowstone
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;">Chair:
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;">Nancy Van Styvendale, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;">University of Saskatchewan
Participants:
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;">"I’m Gonna Buy Me an Island": Road Development and Environmental Criticism in Tomson Highway’s
The Rez Sisters </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;">Cameron Paul, Univerity of British Columbia
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;">Decolonizing Dispossession: Rethinking Adivasi Land Relations in a Decolonial-Feminist Frame </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;">Padini
Nirmal, Clark University
</span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;">Indigenous Knowledge, Oral History and Place: Collaborative Research in a Northern Northwest
community </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;">Judith D Ramos, University of Alaska, Fairbanks
</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;">Views from the End of the World: Conservation Ethics in Leslie Marmon Silko’s Almanac of the Dead
and Cormac McCarthy’s The Road </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;">Virginia Kennedy, PhD, Otsego Land Trust </span></div>
</div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHtS9D9_9SOFQixhNSKJUYEkX6D9G5Xgi_BhhShRruMKfJZJyTDvQCsTnAXpGE125dSJPbRMXowOMUufDwDm6btVBQ-lO57_2qWI-NhRCsFbUWvF53PXlgoIDNPkQ-UrnE4wgwtwvWbOo/s1600/Downloads-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHtS9D9_9SOFQixhNSKJUYEkX6D9G5Xgi_BhhShRruMKfJZJyTDvQCsTnAXpGE125dSJPbRMXowOMUufDwDm6btVBQ-lO57_2qWI-NhRCsFbUWvF53PXlgoIDNPkQ-UrnE4wgwtwvWbOo/s320/Downloads-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="page" title="Page 51">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700;">2:00 PM – 3:45 AM Saturday June 6 </span></div>
</div>
</div>
<br />
<div class="page" title="Page 51">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700;">162. Modernizing the Trust for Self-Determination: A Policy Forum on Indigenous Education in the U.S.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Roundtable</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<br />
<div class="page" title="Page 52">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">2:00 to 3:45 pm<br />Hyatt Regency: Columbia C </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Chair:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">TBD</span><br />
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Presenters:</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;"><b>Malia Villegas</b></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;"><b>, National Congress of American Indians</b></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">William Mendoza</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">, White House Initiative on American Indian and Alaska Native Education </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Carrie Billy</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">, American Indian Higher Education Consortium</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Brian McKinley Jones Brayboy</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">, Arizona State University </span></div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 19px; font-weight: bold;">2:00-3:45 Saturday June 6</span><br />
<br />
<div class="page" title="Page 52">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-weight: 700;">164. Resisting Boundaries
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;">Paper Session
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;">2:00 to 3:45 pm<br />
Hyatt Regency: Congressional D
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;">Chair:
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;">Dina Gilio-Whitaker, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;">Center for World Indigenous Studies
Participants:
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;">Beading and Walking Sovereignty: Dene Resurgence against Canadian Sovereignty </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;">Kelsey Wrightson,
University of British Columbia
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;">Indigenous Nations Challenging Transnationalism: Anishinaabe Narratives Crossing and Creating
Borders in Northern Minnesota </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;">Nicholas Cragoe, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;">Indigenous (Im)Mobility and the Borderlands of North America </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;">Levin Arnsperger, Emory University
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;"><b>Between Empires and Frontiers: Alaska Native Sovereignty, Statehood, and U.S. Settler Imperialism
</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;"><b>Jessica Leslie Arnett, University of Minnesota </b></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;"><br /></span>
<br />
<br />
<div class="page" title="Page 56">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<span style="font-family: 'Cambria'; font-size: 14.000000pt; font-weight: 700;">4:00 PM – 5:45 Saturday June 6
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-weight: 700;">176. Diasporic Times: Complicating Space-Based Approaches to Native American and Indigenous
Diasporas<br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;">Panel<br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;">4:00 to 5:45 pm
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;">Hyatt Regency: Bryce
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;">Chair:
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;">TBD
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;">Participants:<br />
Will Rogers’ Occupations: Temporal Diaspora through Performance </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;">Bethany Hughes, Northwestern
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;">University<br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;"><b>Remembering Aleut Internment in World War II Alaska </b></span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;"><b>Holly Guise, Yale University</b><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;">Eradication Nation: Disrupting the Time of Settler-Colonialism in Simon Ortiz’s From Sand Creek and </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Sherwin Bitsui’s Flood Song </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Christopher Pexa, Cornell University</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;">“A Meeting Place for All”: Cultural Production and Embodied Resistance at Haskell’s 1926
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;">Homecoming and Powwow </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;">Beth Eby, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign </span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;"><b>Comment:
</b></span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12.000000pt; font-style: italic;">Jeane Breinig</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;">, University of Alaska, Anchorage </span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12.000000pt;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="page" title="Page 51">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="page" title="Page 52">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17424860431342813248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6650551577816435810.post-86553940177355426122015-05-18T11:32:00.002-07:002015-08-10T08:07:11.291-07:00The Alaska Native Allotment Act on May 17, 1906 On May 17, 1906 the Secretary of the Interior gave the opportunity for Alaska Natives to acquire parcels of land in sizes not to exceed 160 acres in size. This acreage was to be vacant of inhabitants,"unappropriated" to others, as well as being "unreserved non mineral land," and then could go to any "Indian, Aleut or Eskimo of full or mixed blood" male in Alaska who was 21 years old or older. (34 Stat. 197) These tracks of land were inalienable and non-taxable. Administrative interpretations of the law, however, would limit the number of Natives (adult head of family) qualifying for the land for nearly three-quarters of a century.<br />
<div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRQVmyHnQVjYGYYLrGLphL31yP2Ss2W1opDdKXUGcPM8YGe-DiaaPDTafwz67tJ5k15UVf-oOhsaMqyn79PG8G4I_7aLp6v1EW4ZksM8mTZ16gLxg8ceKNnglO0OxAzcudfirmc2N3u9w/s1600/3_33_allotments.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRQVmyHnQVjYGYYLrGLphL31yP2Ss2W1opDdKXUGcPM8YGe-DiaaPDTafwz67tJ5k15UVf-oOhsaMqyn79PG8G4I_7aLp6v1EW4ZksM8mTZ16gLxg8ceKNnglO0OxAzcudfirmc2N3u9w/s400/3_33_allotments.jpg" width="316" /></a></div>
<br />
Unlike the recognition of Native title to lands, the Allotment Act created parcels of land to individual Native (male adult) applicants. Scholars David Case and David Voluck argue that the Act created significant legal burdens to land "distribution" for statehood and for the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act in 1971. They write<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
Many Allotment application were originally denied without hearings and removed from federal land records, which permitted others to select and even receive title to to the same lands originally applied for as allotments. (113)</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
From these flagrant injustices, they note, came many lawsuits that established a legal due process for Alaska Natives in US courts, concerning land rights. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcyfj6t6qiC4eJHLwn0TBHudbNr1dHtcn51SdOJWzKLnRDz4nA2HaetwQYe-g1UbwiN03Tj889UnS0RxwlDMBldlwwKx_ijYDvi-yPvRQJ1T3PYOqEgFLXAJTNToUTyD1qi__sK_Hsf4E/s1600/pineridgeallotment.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcyfj6t6qiC4eJHLwn0TBHudbNr1dHtcn51SdOJWzKLnRDz4nA2HaetwQYe-g1UbwiN03Tj889UnS0RxwlDMBldlwwKx_ijYDvi-yPvRQJ1T3PYOqEgFLXAJTNToUTyD1qi__sK_Hsf4E/s320/pineridgeallotment.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Allotment map of Pine Ridge</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Unlike the General Allotment Act of 1887, the Alaska Native Allotment Act didn't break up reservational land holdings as it did for American Indians in the contiguous part of the nation. They both did however seek to individualize landownership. Whereby the division of American Indian reserved lands for individual Indian and non-Indian ownership in part sought to unravel indigenous national (tribal) sovereignty, but without the history of clarifying such indigenous possession of land allotment in Alaska seemed to be asserted as a way develop Alaska without confronting the issue of collective Native land rights.<br />
<br />
The act was amended in 1956 with many statutes, one important one being that Natives could acquire lands in national forests. Legal actions concerning Tlingit and Haida individual ownership of land in the Tongass National Forest do remain in process today. I recently read that there were approximately 900 individual applications for parcels in the Forest.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHE5kqHGTUS3ilGXxOueo98kxvW6H2LOAUINx7T8HQ9Lr-mTi6wymoZlPCC5NDImD77jTgH_3z0kq2QZ3d-8ArczqaCfJMrInn172WpNdeIQ9MefzJECDy6_JOQKZ8T447CYJlXuNc_DY/s1600/stelprdb5388803.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHE5kqHGTUS3ilGXxOueo98kxvW6H2LOAUINx7T8HQ9Lr-mTi6wymoZlPCC5NDImD77jTgH_3z0kq2QZ3d-8ArczqaCfJMrInn172WpNdeIQ9MefzJECDy6_JOQKZ8T447CYJlXuNc_DY/s320/stelprdb5388803.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Congress repealed the Alaska Native Allotment Act with Alaska Native Claim Settlement Act (43 U.S.C. Sec. 1617,) with a savings clause for applications that were pending on the date of the law's passage on in 1971 in 43 U.S.C. Sec. 1617(a).</div>
</div>
Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17424860431342813248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6650551577816435810.post-41494379880779847302015-04-28T10:36:00.000-07:002015-07-26T07:18:54.436-07:00Bali Balita!: the Kadiak Times, Filipinos, and the Aleutian Homes<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZNx0rw9tkm8M2utnM43BtSq6KA_FyX7DAInvmhITeyAWhBRjbqFlJrRHuaZTMqq6nEBLsJj4jcwfP2pERZr6ZzDm8HnfD3YlU93ErGDTT2_RWt2c8khdeL4oL50amlz-AkLdjq2ZGs9Q/s1600/Filipino_man_holding_sea_eel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZNx0rw9tkm8M2utnM43BtSq6KA_FyX7DAInvmhITeyAWhBRjbqFlJrRHuaZTMqq6nEBLsJj4jcwfP2pERZr6ZzDm8HnfD3YlU93ErGDTT2_RWt2c8khdeL4oL50amlz-AkLdjq2ZGs9Q/s1600/Filipino_man_holding_sea_eel.jpg" width="384" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Filipino man holding sea eel<br />
<span style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;">ASL-P97-2-278 </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
In the latter half of the 20th century the State of Alaska hosted numerous regional periodicals, most notably the Tundra Times, managed by artist Howard Rock. There was also the Kadiak Times, a community-based newspaper, serving the Kodiak, Alaska Archipelago from 1976 into the early 1980s. Over the course of its life it was published and co-owned by numerous people including Alaska political leader Alan Austerman. </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixKEsz66q6VR-5B4yuHevMUlgj52jWeNqZvuaUfCmMCYSp-mRgW3WQSU8XnTuAygBv9c33cIe7iZrbTVHsXFTrksj_fh4PBqkZEvlLSO4j1AnCG_fedeQ0yem_gMhXhKfHSYKGdy-agGE/s1600/photo+3+(11).JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixKEsz66q6VR-5B4yuHevMUlgj52jWeNqZvuaUfCmMCYSp-mRgW3WQSU8XnTuAygBv9c33cIe7iZrbTVHsXFTrksj_fh4PBqkZEvlLSO4j1AnCG_fedeQ0yem_gMhXhKfHSYKGdy-agGE/s1600/photo+3+(11).JPG" width="506" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
The October 24, 1986 issue, pictured above, belongs to my personal archive because it lends significant detail about the history of the Woody Island Ice Company. The United States included approximately 200,000 dollars for the ice company contracts in its of payment 7,200,000 dollars to the Russia from the ownership of the region. The Woody Island Ice Company served the contiguous part of the nation for decades. More than being a purveyor of history, the Kadiak Times was also a place for local communities to reach out to its members.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVdxqCx0_9ZkMTpB-frm5sCQQzaOwZsRyodl2M43OqhrvDnbUkzJLUNm_twWcEmb1wijc2YIk1swR4oJvJXecHKVusys03IOqr6xN5lA4QHnyo7hQRjxpu8izqOM23PBzSW849Rs4Y_Pc/s1600/photo+1+(22).JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVdxqCx0_9ZkMTpB-frm5sCQQzaOwZsRyodl2M43OqhrvDnbUkzJLUNm_twWcEmb1wijc2YIk1swR4oJvJXecHKVusys03IOqr6xN5lA4QHnyo7hQRjxpu8izqOM23PBzSW849Rs4Y_Pc/s1600/photo+1+(22).JPG" width="478" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
Above is an installment of the "Pista Pilipiniana Bali Balita," section from the Kadiak Times written by Manby Narra, on behalf of the Fil-Am Association of Kodiak. The article is written twice once in Tagalog and another in English set beside one another. In the column Narra congratulates the parents of a new born as well as mentioning that celebrities, pop singer and actress <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilita_Corrales" target="_blank">Pilita Corrales</a>, actress <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Lou_Blanco" target="_blank">Jackie Lou Blanco</a>, and Corrales' partner Amado Del Paraguay, would be visiting Kodiak. In closing Narra reminds readers to pay their association dues. The brief "Pista Pilipiniana Bali -- Balita" provides informative insight into the life of the Kodiak Filipino community in the 1980s.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCBfW4DXb0EUp88EVwO7JJ8oebExnixS2sNlxtVSCMk7vuKGBJsggVY3wcRTHKYMpOfXX_7usfAGNksHm3XNlXxpGtUsRT8Qzt-K09a5BgujCDtvE7li3TwhSVKjPbBNFjaEFdbzoPDyw/s1600/Nulato_and_Tlingit_and_Philipino_Filipino.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="444" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCBfW4DXb0EUp88EVwO7JJ8oebExnixS2sNlxtVSCMk7vuKGBJsggVY3wcRTHKYMpOfXX_7usfAGNksHm3XNlXxpGtUsRT8Qzt-K09a5BgujCDtvE7li3TwhSVKjPbBNFjaEFdbzoPDyw/s1600/Nulato_and_Tlingit_and_Philipino_Filipino.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A 1953 portrait of a two women, Tlingit and Filipina, at the Seward Sanitorium, a vocational training center. "Esmailka" under the female on the left, and "Auelino" under the female on the right. <span style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;">uaa-hmc-1148-1-53 </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Many people unfamilar with Alaska may not know that most southern coastal towns, and villages, hold sizable if not predominant Filipino populations. The late Alaskan political activist and historian Thelma Garcia Buchholdt, who served in the Alaska House of Representatives from 1974-1982, wrote the compelling Filipinos in Alaska 1788-1958, documenting Filipino participation in the development of Alaska. In the sixteenth century, Filipino sailors accompanied Spanish galleons throughout the Pacific, including stops along the Alaska coast. Buchholdt marks that a "Manila Man" was on board a ship that docked in the newly Christened "Cook Inlet" in 1788. These "Manila Men" took part in the development of nineteenth century the whaling in Alaskan waters. In the previous blog post <a href="http://alaskanativestudies.blogspot.com/2013/07/three-thousand-filipinos-and-william.html" target="_blank">Three Thousand Filipinos and the William Lewis Paul Papers </a>I briefly discussed that Filipinos, who became known as Alaskeros, were active in the burgeoning early twentieth-century fishing industrial complex in Alaska. These communities also worked in Alaska mines, as well.<br />
<br />
During the late nineteenth century, capital investments in new canning techniques changed the rapidity and safety in the process of fish canning at an industrial level. This advancement allowed many large-scale companies to set up shop in southern Alaska. In the growth of the industry hundreds if not thousands of Alaskeros worked in the cannery slime-lines and packing houses by 1911. At the University of Washington Special Collections are the <a href="http://digital.lib.washington.edu/findingaids/view?docId=CanneryWorkersandFarmLaborersUnionLocal7SeattleWash3927.xml;query=Cannery%20Workers%20and%20Farm%20Laborers%20Union,%20Local%207;brand=default" target="_blank">Cannery Workers and Farm Laborers Union, Local</a> 7 archive that document some of the work the Alaskeros performed in canneries. Founded in 1933 the union represented mainly Filipino workers throughout the Pacific American coast, many of them in Alaska canneries. I've spent a couple of days sifting through the extensive union records and find them quite a fascinating collection.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/1sdwlwFB0SY/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/1sdwlwFB0SY?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<br />
I grew up in the Kodiak neighborhood of the Aleutian Homes, which since I have been alive has been an area where many Filipinos live. Above is a short documentary by James Guilas about the history of the Aleutian Homes and how and when Filipinos moved there. Guilas talks about the size of the Filipino population in Kodiak as being 30 percent when he put this together, but the last I've read its between 35 and 41 percent, since he made the film.<br />
<br />
<br />Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17424860431342813248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6650551577816435810.post-20465128703319364112015-04-13T15:34:00.002-07:002015-07-13T21:20:16.836-07:00"For the Progress of Man:" Tikigaq and Nuclear Landscaping <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivkCuFDvGgxx5qUHBq0YzyRhLD63OVPhnBfyEOKMKKAlcD8BfTbI-1WxcBrs-xtT51fTzvgbIPwojn79L9mYoPfka9bWjfafjlNnrz9SLjPUygYx61rB-yWmuwNGzYeGjdxueUpa65v5A/s1600/Project_Chariot_Marine_Mammal_Study_Cape_Thompson_196061.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivkCuFDvGgxx5qUHBq0YzyRhLD63OVPhnBfyEOKMKKAlcD8BfTbI-1WxcBrs-xtT51fTzvgbIPwojn79L9mYoPfka9bWjfafjlNnrz9SLjPUygYx61rB-yWmuwNGzYeGjdxueUpa65v5A/s1600/Project_Chariot_Marine_Mammal_Study_Cape_Thompson_196061.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">From "Project Chariot Marine Mammal Study, Cape Thompson, 1960-61." ASL-PCA-561</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
"If your mountain is not in the right place, just drop us a card."</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Edward Teller, University of Alaska Commencement Address, 1959</div>
<br />
In 1958 The United States Atomic Energy Commission proposed "Project Plowshare" to detonate a 2.4 megaton series of nuclear explosions in the building of a harbor off Alaska's northwestern coast. George Washington University Professor Al Teich describes the project as part of a larger trend among scientists called "nuclear landscaping." For after the advent of nuclear weaponry, scientists grew interested in the possible ways these devices could reshape expanses of land and alter seascapes. The Alaska mission was planned to take place at Cape Thompson, about 32 miles from Tikigaq, or The Village of Point Hope. A 1961 editorial in the Anchorage Times entitled "Alaska Test Needed For Progress of Man," argued for the venture on the grounds that building the harbor in that region would create viable economic opportunities for the new state, in the way of a large port. "Such development would," the op-ed by owner Robert Atwood asserted, "stimulate opportunities for employment and better living conditions in the area now on the fringe of civilization." The Inupiat communities living in the area of the area of the Project Chariot however felt it would hold terrible impacts on their life ways and the animals of their homeland.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0CcvbyIQjuwFOHRIXODOVT7GqFW8BOiKvBeg-TJORykk17ilVs875xCQMalf5A11ixfV8k0adyrWB_8qt-rm_jMVtpxLibFOA0w66oWpWDTAAcQAvkdWcL2bc5OtNdlVejEs4FEVfYoU/s1600/640px-Project_Chariot_plans.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0CcvbyIQjuwFOHRIXODOVT7GqFW8BOiKvBeg-TJORykk17ilVs875xCQMalf5A11ixfV8k0adyrWB_8qt-rm_jMVtpxLibFOA0w66oWpWDTAAcQAvkdWcL2bc5OtNdlVejEs4FEVfYoU/s1600/640px-Project_Chariot_plans.jpg" width="472" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Original scheme for Project Chariot.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
In the 1989 The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists article, "Project Chariot: How Alaska Escaped Nuclear Excavation," writer Dan O'Neill documented how the Chariot proposal was to be the first in a set of works in the Plowshares program that would rebuild the world through nuclear destruction. Brainchild of Edward Teller, lead Scientist at the Livermore Labs, the plowshares program would, under his guidance, (quoted through <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=8wUAAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA28&dq=Operation%20Chariot%20nuclear&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q&f=true" target="_blank">O'Neill</a>) "engage in the great art of geographic engineering, to reshape the earth at your pleasure." Plowshares was part of a even more nationwide postwar movement to re-engineer landforms through massive endeavors, such as was the Glen Canyon Dam in southern Utah.<br />
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRGNKRhW0Hq16smVn54Y1wGp_ICakI2KX7U9tyUnTRCh41Oy6kENCE5LFFmO3DQHFQ31lKRPauPlYIeZohvbACLKy5d8tn4_PqQMt65tsDvsBKsDYvnfi-PTtOzlZN6LDZ91vFKyg1rus/s1600/418px-EdwardTeller1958_fewer_smudges.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRGNKRhW0Hq16smVn54Y1wGp_ICakI2KX7U9tyUnTRCh41Oy6kENCE5LFFmO3DQHFQ31lKRPauPlYIeZohvbACLKy5d8tn4_PqQMt65tsDvsBKsDYvnfi-PTtOzlZN6LDZ91vFKyg1rus/s1600/418px-EdwardTeller1958_fewer_smudges.jpg" width="446" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A 1958 picture of Edward Teller as Director of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
With great concern, the region's people, along with a concert of citizens outside the area, questioned how the explosions and the following radiation would harm the environment and their communities. Looking at how such devices brought terrible conditions to Nagasaki and the Bikini Islanders, the Inupiat didn't believe the promises of safely the government gave them. According to O'Neill, village representative David Frankson argued strongly against the idea, as did all regional Inupiat and Athabaskan communities.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGnlMzVP-mUzi2uFzUAt6ivIfGZ07nf3MSAFtfYn5qQrUEmJg6RUxogdFq0xIqSky2VaEcSOHCq6fV_UhcG5M5dj9xNyOn2tF1t7Sq5dG3O35hpmHCaQce2ReMUSv1wYxbv0QrJG3JuKg/s1600/Portrait_of_thirteen_men.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGnlMzVP-mUzi2uFzUAt6ivIfGZ07nf3MSAFtfYn5qQrUEmJg6RUxogdFq0xIqSky2VaEcSOHCq6fV_UhcG5M5dj9xNyOn2tF1t7Sq5dG3O35hpmHCaQce2ReMUSv1wYxbv0QrJG3JuKg/s1600/Portrait_of_thirteen_men.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">David Frankson, in glasses, pictured with a group of Native representatives meeting with Gov. Egan.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The threats of Plowshare program, along with burgeoning governmental policies set to restrict Native subsistence life ways, made the Association of American Indian Affairs host the Point Barrow Conference on Native Rights in November, 1961. The conference resulted in the formation of the regional Inupiat Paitot organization, which included Frankson and artist Howard Rock. "Our Inupiat Paitot," they wrote in a statement, "is our land around the whole arctic world where Inupiat live, our right to be great hunters and brave independent people...our right to the minerals that belong to us in the land we claim." For the first time Inupiat people across Alaska formed an alliance as to express specific concerns for their rights as indigenous people. In their statement they wrote of Project Chariot, demanding a halt to the program, saying "The result of this explosion will be very dangerous to native health because of the effect of radiation on animals the people have depended on for food." The Paitot articulated the larger cycle of life at stake in Project Chariot, by connecting their health to the health of the environment. "We deny the right of the Bureau of Land Management," their statement read, "to dispose of land claimed by a native village, and urge the Interior Department to revoke the permit before the experiment goes any further." The Inupiat Paitot also expressed that such nuclear tests held transnational consequences when communicating, "We, the Inupiat, strongly protest," any such activity on their lands, "and request the President of the United States that the experiments of the Russians on their nuclear explosions be discontinued," as well.<br />
<br />
In the summer of 1962, The government sidelined Project Chariot due to unforeseen "<b>flaws</b>" in its design. Yet the threat levied against the Inupiat by the proposal led to a political organization, which in a year and a half, began working with the Alaska Native Brotherhood and the <span style="background-color: white;">Dena Nena Henash forming a large scale movement to secure Native rights to land and heritage in Alaska. These three political groups stood as foundational to the Native rights movement of the 1960s that would work toward the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
Inupiat filmmaker Rachel Naninaaq Edwardson made the incredible 2012 documentary <i>Project Chariot,</i> where she examines the history of the project and the fight against it in much detail<i>.</i> The trailer below on Edwardson's <a href="https://vimeo.com/51190766" target="_blank">Vimeo site</a>.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwJKEn4E8QOSm2-6FJuNUpqIRxAsZ-Ur8zyUCcTrbksadFIEDQxyAKTVDyrjrAqF6v33g3or4bkXtJkHKflQA' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
Works Consulted/Cited</div>
<div>
<br />
Al Teich's Tibits http://www.alteich.com/tidbits/t050602.htm</div>
<div>
Other government documents.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17424860431342813248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6650551577816435810.post-90008012490072326672015-01-27T20:13:00.001-08:002018-01-09T16:59:06.579-08:00Debt and Alaska Native Cooperatives<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Alaska Natives possessed a variety of formal organizations before and during the implementation of IRA-based (and styled) tribal governments and ANCSA Native-operated corporations. One of these formations, cooperatives, formed in villages as instruments to bring Natives into an emerging regional economy set-up by new comers. The cooperatives came as the US business interests increasing developed enterprises that extracted natural resources such as timber and sea life from the region. In doing so, the businesses quite often blocked Native access to traditional resource sites, altering the very life ways of these Native communities. One of the consequences of being forced from traditional lifeways was that Indigenous individuals funneled into the asymmetric employment conditions of cannery work. Often governing structures possessed legally consigned financial instruments for bringing Native people into the US economy, and Native people with few options had to participate.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0O3TIDCkqYf1FwuLap-hl4-rnGibAvIkG84D1MjDDNoFl23EJym_gh-Zjh8O6DSQAlXmzw0suIJol4WkfB4yBIZmYYb6dReH64Zjx_mNdHnfRvrpEnJiBjG_C-uv2fGIceWGxZWWCKa0/s1600/Native_houses_at_the_Naknek_Packing_Co_Cannery.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0O3TIDCkqYf1FwuLap-hl4-rnGibAvIkG84D1MjDDNoFl23EJym_gh-Zjh8O6DSQAlXmzw0suIJol4WkfB4yBIZmYYb6dReH64Zjx_mNdHnfRvrpEnJiBjG_C-uv2fGIceWGxZWWCKa0/s1600/Native_houses_at_the_Naknek_Packing_Co_Cannery.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Native houses at the Naknek Packing Co. Cannery.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">UAA-hmc-0186-volume4-3795</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Even before the changes in Indian Reorganization Act to include Alaska Natives, the government enrolled Native individuals into chartered stock companies. Drawing from previous posts on this blog, many Natives once indoctrinated into the reindeer herding business then faced compulsory ownership in the reindeer industry. As active investors in industry, the worked to turn a fair profit on their labor.</div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8IywiGN8AnzggtkPR3CcZuNV8LPffv5sT3nBAI5NbP8vdw2_ouFyPXHTpK24KnqaypfcVSmdNVNCvvCJvZgqn8zRlhom4rVTunQekEceSR1xs9oBg3ikrfvkxMnQdELMfA8DARHCSmGs/s1600/Reindeer_Counters_Frank_Seppilu_Irving_Ifkohluk_SecretaryCounters_19381941.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8IywiGN8AnzggtkPR3CcZuNV8LPffv5sT3nBAI5NbP8vdw2_ouFyPXHTpK24KnqaypfcVSmdNVNCvvCJvZgqn8zRlhom4rVTunQekEceSR1xs9oBg3ikrfvkxMnQdELMfA8DARHCSmGs/s1600/Reindeer_Counters_Frank_Seppilu_Irving_Ifkohluk_SecretaryCounters_19381941.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Two men, Frank Seppilu and Irving Ifkohluk, sit at the entrance of a tent, counting reindeer. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><br />Collection: O. C. and Ruth Connelly, 1938-1941.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">UAA-hmc-0562-53 c</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Also in 1936 under provision 17 of the IRA, Native communities could organized as cooperative associations. Legal scholars David Case and David Voluck assert that these cooperatives brought together Native individuals by way of their "common occupation," rather than their "strict geographic residence." That is, the cooperatives activated in the spaces of labor activities brought together Natives through their involvement in the new territorial work force for what was surely promised to be measurable profits.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkSPIgVFZ61vOqfCYdc4c5A6p_0oqZgGH-MczAL7azWQZEROtl09-IbDoaI5eNFDioEa04v6EzPy7CJmEysedlPT1-eDz7MyPOu5KPBIfwWARYXDx_W-O2_U5TWBC-eYTWMeJNTWwt01w/s1600/native+co+op.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkSPIgVFZ61vOqfCYdc4c5A6p_0oqZgGH-MczAL7azWQZEROtl09-IbDoaI5eNFDioEa04v6EzPy7CJmEysedlPT1-eDz7MyPOu5KPBIfwWARYXDx_W-O2_U5TWBC-eYTWMeJNTWwt01w/s1600/native+co+op.jpg" width="466" /></a></div>
<br />
Above is a newspaper article I found while conducting archival work for my current book project. From 1954, the piece talks about how the southeastern Alaska Native cooperative canneries were in "bad shape" and suffered losses and that the "loan" programs toward these communities had "to this date not been successful." The interesting part of the cooperative business plan was that these ventures were financed through a government loan program. If these Native labor associations couldn't pay their loans then they suffered incredible amounts of debt, owed to the federal government. The article describes how some of these cooperatives were defaulting on hundreds of thousands of dollars. In the mid-20th century the burden of debt became a way to organize Native communities, under the instrument of the 'cooperative' in the mid-20th century.<br />
<br />Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17424860431342813248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6650551577816435810.post-70594858528158037552015-01-09T18:19:00.003-08:002015-07-12T08:24:57.287-07:00A Tradition of Activism and the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWyfsmltxwQi3GJpTmcMVe6hRA2IPFdDwy2IhI5kBslQd_ch2Str6zD0BwxyZgXDJUO9zO_C8d9FzeldUY03Iy7n7pvtrhDEAPQwN4WqVUC0-SrdrbdSSYhh8QWX8xJNwdYjMHL6kV1V4/s1600/CharlesEtokEdwardsen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWyfsmltxwQi3GJpTmcMVe6hRA2IPFdDwy2IhI5kBslQd_ch2Str6zD0BwxyZgXDJUO9zO_C8d9FzeldUY03Iy7n7pvtrhDEAPQwN4WqVUC0-SrdrbdSSYhh8QWX8xJNwdYjMHL6kV1V4/s1600/CharlesEtokEdwardsen.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
My fellow Alaska Native colleagues Maria Shaa Tlaa Williams, Holly Miowak Guise, and I will be presenting the panel "Native activism and the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act," at the 16th Annual American Indian Studies Association Conference hosted by University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, Thursday February 5 & Friday February 6, 2015. Please stop by if you would like to know more about the activist currents in Native Alaska and how they relate to our contemporary legal relationships to land. The abstract of the panel is below, along with our panel details.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqybYTlhwrXxsfa6-bN03YaRPlj9wuToG3TNzpnzs8KKfq80HQdZ5mRANBSR_JNaBVbI4d7SrF_YrumvchVegXWsEpnDNE3uyQBr7qdMmFGUKtikD4ujTstxiUWniGc65v7Hwg0gVz6_Y/s1600/Map.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="558" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqybYTlhwrXxsfa6-bN03YaRPlj9wuToG3TNzpnzs8KKfq80HQdZ5mRANBSR_JNaBVbI4d7SrF_YrumvchVegXWsEpnDNE3uyQBr7qdMmFGUKtikD4ujTstxiUWniGc65v7Hwg0gVz6_Y/s1600/Map.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 was the
largest land settlement made by the United States with an indigenous group. With
the passage of the settlement the government formed 13 regional and hundreds of
village Native-operated for-profit corporations in exchange for Native
communities releasing their title claims to the Alaska region. Often maligned
by the public, the settlement and their corporations, changed traditional
cultural ways of living for Alaska Native communities in a variety of ways.
This panel tracks the history of the settlement, with its origins in
pre-statehood Alaska amid World War II Native alliances to the rise of the
Alaska Federation of Natives through the Alaska Native Solidarity Movement. After
giving consideration to the activist currents of political solidarity and their
interests in maintaining traditional culture, that preceded the settlement, the
panel examines how the introduction of IRA-based tribal governments in the
1990s complicated politics for the Native people, the corporations, and the
State of Alaska. This is believed to be the first panel on the Alaska Native
Claims Settlement Act by Alaska Native scholars at a national conference. </div>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment--></div>
<div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 1.0in;">
<u><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Session 4</span></u><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>11:00
a.m. - 12:30 p.m.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 1.0in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Title:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A Tradition of Activism and the Alaska Native
Claims Settlement Act<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 1.0in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Room:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>SUB Lobo A&B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 1.0in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Moderator:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thomas Michael Swensen, Colorado State
University<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 1.0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: 1.0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Holly Miowak Guise, </span></b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">History PhD Candidate, Yale University </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: 1.0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alaska Native Solidarity Movements During WWII<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: 1.0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maria Shaa Tlaa Williams,</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Associate Professor and Director, Alaska Native
Studies, University of Alaska-Anchorage<br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alaska Native Solidarity Movement and the
Leadership Role of Nick Gray<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: 1.0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thomas Michael Swensen</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Assistant Professor of Ethnic Studies,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Rockwell;
mso-ascii-font-family:Rockwell;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Rockwell;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-language:JA;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: 1.0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Colorado State University<br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Impossible Sovereignties: The Alaska
Federation of Natives, Native Corporations, and Tribal Governments in Alaska</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: 1.0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ7HIEm-DVCnmq21YW2MCBJ5rUroTC_cxTxQ8hXDqKbeRRSR59_tMYwS8t2Rr8JtsX63L7rULUSITooY-h_-6XY_V3k5Juif47EUh7-xmBTw8-QYAYKhIs-cfJNIRaOxvG-mVTFa1E20g/s1600/scr00059.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ7HIEm-DVCnmq21YW2MCBJ5rUroTC_cxTxQ8hXDqKbeRRSR59_tMYwS8t2Rr8JtsX63L7rULUSITooY-h_-6XY_V3k5Juif47EUh7-xmBTw8-QYAYKhIs-cfJNIRaOxvG-mVTFa1E20g/s1600/scr00059.gif" width="494" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: 1.0in;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17424860431342813248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6650551577816435810.post-64729815480316561262014-12-28T13:13:00.002-08:002015-07-12T08:24:13.850-07:00Alaska Natives and the LandIn graduate school I was fortunate to study under the late <a href="http://www.law.berkeley.edu/8904.htm" target="_blank">Phil Frickey</a>, Professor of Public Law at Bolt School of Law at the University of California Berkeley. My interests in Indian law drew from a research agenda involving the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 and its affects on indigenous relationships to land and water in Alaska. I took both Federal Indian Law I and II, as well as a semester of independent study, from him as he wrote the seminal work <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Anderson-Krakoffs-American-Commentary-Casebook/dp/0314908153" target="_blank">American Indian Law, Cases, and Commentary</a> with his colleagues, legal scholars Anderson, Berger, and Krakoff. I found him generously patient with my general fumbling and innocent gaffs, letting me find my way through the nonlinear world of Native American law. Aside from legal study, one of the lessons he taught me was to try steering away from normative statements in my work.<br />
<br />
One day after class he invited me up to his office to talk about a term paper. His office was a few floors up, in a converted dorm room, with a fantastic view of San Francisco bay. I sat down and he handed me the giant book <i>Alaska Natives and the Land</i>. I believe another student, a child of an Alaska state politician, gave the volume to Frickey and he in turn loaned it to me, indefinitely so it seems.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXljNgg0hWb935_IpVyt2Pb4_wnBvhoeF1-dLdCm8PxKDpU6aKqowDtegp7N1GEnXzQeNURjlk03iNCypYZdsnbSp7m5jm5jriT3jdP_dJ0q9D3BCMe9bIrdltDjAY4ac-2Ck3-B07MpQ/s1600/81xgtd81a9L.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXljNgg0hWb935_IpVyt2Pb4_wnBvhoeF1-dLdCm8PxKDpU6aKqowDtegp7N1GEnXzQeNURjlk03iNCypYZdsnbSp7m5jm5jriT3jdP_dJ0q9D3BCMe9bIrdltDjAY4ac-2Ck3-B07MpQ/s1600/81xgtd81a9L.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cover of Alaska Natives and the Land</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The humongous volume <i>Alaska Natives and the Land</i> composes a 565 page study of Alaska, its people, and natural resources by the Federal Field Committee on Development and Planning published 10 years after Alaska statehood in October 1968. When open on my desk the work spreads out well over two and a half feet.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirod64JCP2GTBQbHywCjv-Wr-_fSV9C5vStrn633P3T1Oa1tcuD5MVW4QBnNcx2litsI74jdhrXRD5Cj5s-0kZe8FjCD0TMb_5huGbLY_FQVXLQ8eMjoYHYsWIB2rfHbkBEeU6DUulyLM/s1600/photo+1+(11).JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirod64JCP2GTBQbHywCjv-Wr-_fSV9C5vStrn633P3T1Oa1tcuD5MVW4QBnNcx2litsI74jdhrXRD5Cj5s-0kZe8FjCD0TMb_5huGbLY_FQVXLQ8eMjoYHYsWIB2rfHbkBEeU6DUulyLM/s1600/photo+1+(11).JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
After the discovery of oil deposits in Prudoe Bay March 1968, the book served to educate congressional lawmakers about the region's indigenous people as Native leaders and activists labored with state and federal officials to come to terms with settling the issue of Native title. The book includes a marvelous 3 foot by 2 and a half foot foldable map detailing the Native communities within the state. The chart breaks down the regional areas with Native populations by size and by specifying whether the sites are predominately Native in nature (colored blue) or if they are non-indigenous sites with Native populations (red on the map).<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMfkuhUoD2z5K6UVADr6OUhT8jjgO9RTYLVqb3JxfPAkT13aNLYgBFkSs2tr34anbpTI71ovjRxBUCt06u7PPlPP8UQHYGOdIV1UmIDydffISgbe_m8qXNqqglcbBwNtkZyaRM3oo5HlA/s1600/photo+1+(12).JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="548" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMfkuhUoD2z5K6UVADr6OUhT8jjgO9RTYLVqb3JxfPAkT13aNLYgBFkSs2tr34anbpTI71ovjRxBUCt06u7PPlPP8UQHYGOdIV1UmIDydffISgbe_m8qXNqqglcbBwNtkZyaRM3oo5HlA/s1600/photo+1+(12).JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLIzxvDg2dp3M_x2D5V5OedpmGVWMvQ7HhB1JvxKWy07Wk1Sfc_c8A_3_H08ZT1m1r0hiSnE1u8sPgmPPzjODiOtzE-scvUY_qS59dC1XxTrShCv7gQVVLNDTCG0EyCUTNRRpklWOuKiw/s1600/photo+2+(8).JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLIzxvDg2dp3M_x2D5V5OedpmGVWMvQ7HhB1JvxKWy07Wk1Sfc_c8A_3_H08ZT1m1r0hiSnE1u8sPgmPPzjODiOtzE-scvUY_qS59dC1XxTrShCv7gQVVLNDTCG0EyCUTNRRpklWOuKiw/s1600/photo+2+(8).JPG" width="572" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Detail of Native community map</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The book begins with an overview of Alaska Natives, moves to aspects of village life, to a chapter called <i>Land and Ethnic Relations</i>.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyUBOdyiMNYoknLYuca5XRTfCbn3P-Lk-jC7X9c6WC9LGTt4i9qnjkTAghw76BQVHZtGmp8wfK80PbwqDhIMmXuXlDlJ1HltWTm_nsuP011YqJswXeU7-7EvStDJViIiQa2BkTRzXrdjY/s1600/photo+(35).JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyUBOdyiMNYoknLYuca5XRTfCbn3P-Lk-jC7X9c6WC9LGTt4i9qnjkTAghw76BQVHZtGmp8wfK80PbwqDhIMmXuXlDlJ1HltWTm_nsuP011YqJswXeU7-7EvStDJViIiQa2BkTRzXrdjY/s1600/photo+(35).JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
The chapter Land and Ethnic Relations discusses a regional analysis of Native identifications to indigenous territories. Since the book was a way to educate governmental leaders on Native land claims the chapter begins with a set of "pertinent" questions about Native land rights activism, like the query "Was, and is, there a definable dimension of Native ethnic territoriality?" Another intriguing question the chapter puts forth is " Did aboriginal "property rights" exist?" The narrative then argues that its findings, based from the assortment of questions, is that<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
"In their use of biological community for livelihood the Native people "occupied" the land in the sense of being on and over virtually all of it in the pursuit of their subsistence, <i>but they did not </i>"occupy" the land in any agrarian or legal sense as understood by Anglo-American Jurisprudence."<i> </i></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Thus four years previous to the passage of the settlement there was an ideological argument against "Native title" even though indigenous actors themselves had been taking to the courts in regard to this matter for decades. In the exploration of the Kodiak region, the book extrapolates on the ways of Alutiiq people based on the Hubert Bancroft's History of Alaska(1886) and Ales Hrdlicka's Anthropology of Kodiak Island (1944), in the thesis that Kodiak Islanders, before the arrival of the Russians, held no reasonable form of government and simply foraged off the land and sea, "consuming anything that can be digested." These two misleading observations perhaps helped lawmakers conclude in the non-recognition of Native title during the time of settlement. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
This small read of the 565 page work lends little justice to the scope and importance <i>Alaska Natives and the Land</i> played in the passage of the land claims settlement and I would encourage anyone pursuing a course of research in Alaska Native geography, law, history, and culture to track down a copy. Also, <i>Alaska Natives and the Land </i>proves a great example of the many books written about areas of the world the US acquired through its various means. I have seen such volumes written on other national colonies such Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
There are a few copies of <i>Alaska Natives and the Land</i> available on <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Natives-Federal-Committee-Development-Planning/dp/B000C0OE5K" target="_blank">Amazon.</a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333330154419px; line-height: 19px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li></li>
</ul>
Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17424860431342813248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6650551577816435810.post-73215628081116074312014-11-15T12:48:00.000-08:002019-10-27T10:25:51.307-07:00No University of the Aleut Nation: Thoughts upon hearing an interview with Claudio Saunt<br />
The other day I listened to an interview with historian <a href="http://claudiosaunt.com/" target="_blank">Professor Claudio Saunt</a> on <a href="http://newbooksinnativeamericanstudies.com/" target="_blank">New Books in Native American Studies Podcast</a>. The conversation between Professor Saunt, the co-director for the <a href="http://www.ehistory.org/" target="_blank">Center for Virtual History </a>at the University of Georgia, and the interviewer Andrew Epstein concerned the historian's compelling new book <a href="http://books.wwnorton.com/books/detail.aspx?ID=4294978739" target="_blank">West of the Revolution: An Uncommon History of 1776</a>, published by W.W. Norton and Company. West of the Revolution examines 9 locations in the Americas amidst the pivotal year 1776, the founding year of the United States, by tracing the stories of people in these places as to contribute a greater understanding of the Americas at that moment in time. The work has received high praise for its creative linkages, being called "bold and inclusive" by Chicago Times reviewer Doug Kiel, among a list of other praises.<br />
<br />
The work entails the global histories of many American groups interconnected by the year 1776. This includes not only the colonists, who would come to call themselves Americans, but also the original Americans such as the Lakota, the Osage, and the Creek. In doing so, he makes the case for building a history decentered from the incubating nation-state for a more inclusive notion of America. For example, the work accounts the Osages' movements into Spanish controlled parts of the continent and Creek participation in Cuban trade.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA_s6au1ICyTmEnDvcp1YHNa2OvAG_LwJOPPyHSZ8LzaiIpGbE_mK_hi29I3XUc4gkxUL_c3dpiEWb6_emD2SVJ1_VVswcrh_VcX9vVJh3f6604B28QgVrITL9juBEMMypypBd6pan_ig/s1600/Waxell_-_Aleuten_vor_den_Schumagininseln-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA_s6au1ICyTmEnDvcp1YHNa2OvAG_LwJOPPyHSZ8LzaiIpGbE_mK_hi29I3XUc4gkxUL_c3dpiEWb6_emD2SVJ1_VVswcrh_VcX9vVJh3f6604B28QgVrITL9juBEMMypypBd6pan_ig/s1600/Waxell_-_Aleuten_vor_den_Schumagininseln-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
In the first chapter "Soft Gold: Aleuts and Russians in Alaska," Saunt traces the history of a small group of Unangax̂ people, whom Russian colonists called Americans, then labled them Aleuts. Here he reads the story of 7 Unangax̂ men whom traveled 2500 miles with Russian funcationaries across the Bering to Eurasia. After their arrival two Aleuts decided to return home with 5 staying on to haul a cache of sea otter pelts another freezing 750 miles to the city of Irkutsk, a Russian border town. This site served as a place where the pelts of both sea otter and beaver could be sold to Chinese merchants. I recommend anyone interested in the imbrications of Unangax̂ people, and global supply chains to read this <a href="http://www.amazon.com/West-Revolution-Uncommon-History-1776/dp/0393240207" target="_blank">book</a>.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYVne-oRzADB6upP_sW3jkrgcdnPzZ79hygBO9aUEPbQPVXTdjQMMlfV_x5CKiQtf0n-oWum9pg1no1gHEo1XjP38XtmVvZZDCsbmjPik3K_KfIUa72UrCIuq4aDmLQfOPkZYzmcqQK1g/s1600/640px-Aleutian_Islands_xrmap.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYVne-oRzADB6upP_sW3jkrgcdnPzZ79hygBO9aUEPbQPVXTdjQMMlfV_x5CKiQtf0n-oWum9pg1no1gHEo1XjP38XtmVvZZDCsbmjPik3K_KfIUa72UrCIuq4aDmLQfOPkZYzmcqQK1g/s1600/640px-Aleutian_Islands_xrmap.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
During the New Books in Native American Studies interview Saunt makes the case for approaching American history in such a way as to place the nation-state along side the rest of American history. "Even today," he observes, "I think so many of us are parochial in the way we the way we imagine North America and of course the U.S. in the broader world." He suggests moving beyond the structure of feeling that American history should be defined solely in regard to the history of the United States. To allow American history to become lodged within that frail framework is "....something" he says, "we all need to fight against." History outside the systems of ideas that manufacture national experience as solitary to the history that took place throughout the continent proves paramount for the study of national history. "In a very practical sense, if we are going to write about American history, " Saunt asserts, "then we need to write about the places the United States took over." In the uncovering of this past comes an understanding that the nation-state fails to eclipse the histories of America that have long gone unnoticed due to the narrative of westward expansion as the dominant paradigm. <br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLczJzGXdGwsvcZlIaSVtaVp78hB6vd78suiWwIqWM2kpAVtq74ZwbtvIUnAPOmYSiX8OEuRgE9XbIYWLnpcmgetolFCrmkB6QjdtnqPdkVnhtcDHjXRoxZ6YX6Jqisv5q4TigGS2uFvY/s1600/photo+(31).JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLczJzGXdGwsvcZlIaSVtaVp78hB6vd78suiWwIqWM2kpAVtq74ZwbtvIUnAPOmYSiX8OEuRgE9XbIYWLnpcmgetolFCrmkB6QjdtnqPdkVnhtcDHjXRoxZ6YX6Jqisv5q4TigGS2uFvY/s1600/photo+(31).JPG" width="298" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Great resource! (found in an Oakland bookstore)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Saunt makes the case for this approach to history by elaborating on just what institutions exist for pursuing this type of work. "There is no university dedicated to the Aleut nation," he tells Epstein, continuing to say, "the resources don't exist." The task and responsiblity to produce this broad American history sits with scholars because, he contends, "Aleut" communities are without resources to support their own research institutions. If one lends a quick read to Barbara Švarný Carlson's <a href="http://www.alaskool.org/language/Aleut/No_Such1.html" target="_blank">"There is No Such Thing as an Aleut"</a> one can see that Saunt's case for scholars to incorporate these complex cultures and histories into American history holds the possibility enriching an already exciting field of knowledge. I think in doing so would help alleviate the formable obstacles many Alaska Natives have with seeing their historical participation in the formation and operation of the United States in Alaska. Moreover, he powerfully declares that, "If its (the project to document American history) not going to be done by the institutions in the United States then its not going to be done." In other words, he's saying that the people known as Aleuts are an important part of the United States and to iqnore their part in history is to do a remarkable disservice to their communities and to the stories that constitute the American past.<br />
<br />
Of course "Aleut" people as Alaska Natives are part of the United States and the nation's resources are also "Aleut" resources, but I think he is suggesting that institutions throughout the nation should be supportive of projects and scholars who are pursuing the types of research programs that are inclusive of indigenous people. Speaking to that, as a graduate of Benny Benson Secondary School who went on to do this type of work I can say that countless people have selflessly extended their hands my direction and helped me cobble together a research program and a personal archive of materials. However, according to the <a href="http://ankn.uaf.edu/Curriculum/PhD_Projects/AKNativePhDs.html" target="_blank">work </a>of Professors Alberta Jones and Jessica Bisset Perea there is still plenty of work required to bring Alaska Natives and their programs into the national academy. Yet, there are a handful of Alaska Native scholars sprinkled through the "lower-48" who are doing excellent work. Within Alaska institutions like, University of Alaska Anchorage's <a href="https://www.uaa.alaska.edu/native/" target="_blank">Alaska Native Studies Program</a> Kodiak College's <a href="http://www.koc.alaska.edu/node/827" target="_blank">Alutiiq Studies Program</a> The University of Alaska Southeast's <a href="http://www.uas.alaska.edu/artssciences/humanities/alaska-languages/index.html" target="_blank">Native Studies program,</a> and University of Alaska Fairbanks' <a href="http://www.uaf.edu/cxcs/indigenousphd/" target="_blank">Cross-Cultural and Indigenous Studies Program</a> are all in the midst of pushing great work forward.<br />
<br />
I want to applaud Professor Saunt for writing this book and to New Books for the awesome interview.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17424860431342813248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6650551577816435810.post-24452116262988806952014-11-04T18:01:00.001-08:002015-07-18T11:55:19.971-07:00Slow Violence Across the Land and Sea: An Alaska Native Environmental History<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
On Tuesday November 11th at Colorado State University I will be giving a talk as part of the Native American and Indigenous Studies colloquium for Native Heritage Month. The next day on the 12th Ketchikan's own Emily Moore will also be speaking on "Art in the Time of NAGPRA: Innovative Possibilities for Native American Art in Museums." Other speakers also promise exciting talks. Check out the post below.</div>
<br />
My talk <i>Slow Violence Across the Land and Sea</i> centers Native history as a way for connecting United States and Russian activities in Alaska. Each nation's industrial extractive pursuits in the region have led to a extended timeline of devastation, from the 18th century extinction of Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas) to the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill in 1989. Moreover, Indigenous compulsory participation in this centuries long violence as impressed flexible labor makes visible an Indigenous geography, a first space, that is fundamental for understanding how Russian and United States endeavors compose one long history in the Great Land.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmkIj7SBLf-rF0f9_DqvvUpJkQU9JcsNDq0LbXm2LSqLWzl4HpWQZ_EK-M8irYo71EJs0w5x_Hup9JI8xj6chZ6M_JLSMfR7SHHhvzP7G4SYf_aNqRGcWvDcXTbrrdcvPvuvqfxT5xFik/s1600/Slow+Violence+Talk+Flyer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmkIj7SBLf-rF0f9_DqvvUpJkQU9JcsNDq0LbXm2LSqLWzl4HpWQZ_EK-M8irYo71EJs0w5x_Hup9JI8xj6chZ6M_JLSMfR7SHHhvzP7G4SYf_aNqRGcWvDcXTbrrdcvPvuvqfxT5xFik/s1600/Slow+Violence+Talk+Flyer.jpg" width="388" /></a></div>
<br />Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17424860431342813248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6650551577816435810.post-77564813627697310352014-11-03T13:28:00.004-08:002015-07-12T08:22:33.950-07:00Celebrating Native Heritage Month With A Talk On November 10<br />
On Monday November 10 between <span style="text-align: center;">5:30p.m.-6:30p.m.</span> at Colorado State University as part of Native Heritage Month I'll be speaking about the work I do here with a talk entitled <span style="text-align: center;">“The Alaska Native Studies Blog” </span><br />
Description:<br />
The Alaska Native Studies Blog began in the summer of 2013 as a platform for exploring Native Alaskan research in a public sphere. While there are many incredible scholars pursuing work in American Indian Studies the topic of Native Alaska is one that greatly calls for more exploration. Even though Alaska Natives possess 40 percent of the nation’s tribes and over 200 other quasi- sovereign entities we are underrepresented in the academy. The blog has been useful in publicly exploring Native history and culture as well as making connections with scholars who share this interest.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggYaNIMGRjqc8XXW_RNNchrdJQd6pNWhknk4PWkG_BJyzE8W3M98iSNHA_qpDKacOwCdnl0-HmKmwAfnt3Fqln5YPXm3zBw7llHZae-7kt-aZza61Bmb_DrA1d1m0vRXQP8CtwH4C1YLk/s1600/Alaska+Native+Studies+Blog+.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggYaNIMGRjqc8XXW_RNNchrdJQd6pNWhknk4PWkG_BJyzE8W3M98iSNHA_qpDKacOwCdnl0-HmKmwAfnt3Fqln5YPXm3zBw7llHZae-7kt-aZza61Bmb_DrA1d1m0vRXQP8CtwH4C1YLk/s1600/Alaska+Native+Studies+Blog+.jpg" width="207" /></a></div>
<div>
<br />
<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17424860431342813248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6650551577816435810.post-80366048611452675852014-10-18T08:29:00.001-07:002015-07-12T08:22:01.964-07:00An Interview with Elaine Chukan Brown: "Claim the Blessing of Every Challenge" <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0GNoSTjb64PlcgYzMBUoIePOTR1tvEm2tV50oInLQ2Dj3y9sUUz0cJickIUGA0hebPWmZJRYSJnCGqO7MwfV4kKWBus0z5CyzftmpJ_l8M7Ph9umNry92QLXcspgUEnrY-tC-JDVWJK0/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-10-15+at+10.37.11+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0GNoSTjb64PlcgYzMBUoIePOTR1tvEm2tV50oInLQ2Dj3y9sUUz0cJickIUGA0hebPWmZJRYSJnCGqO7MwfV4kKWBus0z5CyzftmpJ_l8M7Ph9umNry92QLXcspgUEnrY-tC-JDVWJK0/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-10-15+at+10.37.11+AM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A View of Hawk Wakawaka Wine Reviews Website</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Hawk Wakawaka Wine Reviews (<a href="http://wakawakawinereviews.com/">wakawakawinereviews.com</a>) composes a thoughtful and stirring website by Aleut and Inupiaq writer and artist Elaine Chukan Brown. Berkeley's renown Kermit Lynch Wine Merchant describes the quality of work achieves "a new standard for wine reviews." The site consists of personal interviews with vintners, winery tours, and of course thorough wine appraisals articulated in the most delicate prose. Along with this, she provides drawings that involve the wine she reviews, often she illustrates the complex nuance of a particular wine by picturing the literal things that vintage taste like. Due to the success of her work in the field of wine, Imbibe liquid Culture Magazine chose her as one of the 75 People to Watch in 2014.<br />
<div>
<br />
Elaine Chukan Brown was born in and raised amongst a Native fishing community in the Bristol Bay region of western Alaska where she learned Native traditional ways and values. Following in the family business she began set netting at 9 years of age and was in operation of her own fishing site by the time she was 13. After graduating from high school she double majored in philosophy and english at Northern Arizona University graduating with honors and there upon entered graduate school at Mcgill University in Quebec, Canada. In 2010 she was appointed the prestigious Eastman Fellowship at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire where she continued to write and think about Native issues. Cambridge Scholarly Press, Fulcrum: An Anthology of Poetry and Aesthetics, Letters to the World: An Anthology, have published her scholarly works. Then turning her interests from higher education Elaine Chukan Brown formed a career with Hawk Wakawaka Wine Reviews, based in Sonoma, California. Her writing on wine and wine culture has been published in Wine & Spirits, World of Fine Wine, Men's Health, and San Francisco Magazine, among others. She graciously agreed to an interview here on Alaska Native Studies Blog, below.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlaT6CIQk4LyFI7_EVjQ6NJIcbvu3iQorJpvFQPOi7e4dJQHsqa2i2SRj48W9z4GnKgFHGWV08Zl4IU_b68BYO6PK4bZp535MOkc7yH-VZcZsCU1mHQXCZXdkU9_ogI24R3NPnRQnn-fY/s1600/0912092009.12.09Elaine+and+Rachel0069.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlaT6CIQk4LyFI7_EVjQ6NJIcbvu3iQorJpvFQPOi7e4dJQHsqa2i2SRj48W9z4GnKgFHGWV08Zl4IU_b68BYO6PK4bZp535MOkc7yH-VZcZsCU1mHQXCZXdkU9_ogI24R3NPnRQnn-fY/s1600/0912092009.12.09Elaine+and+Rachel0069.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, Palatino, 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 15.5555562973022px; line-height: 23.9999980926514px; text-align: start;">"A wine drawing philosopher with a heart of gold."</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i>Question: Hawk Wakawaka Wine Reviews enjoyably showcases your writing as well as your knowledge of food and wine, yet you also include your artwork. I think your drawings give the blog a disarming and personal feel. Was including artwork on the site part of the plan all along? How did you develop your style as an artist?</i><br />
<br />
The work I'm doing now in wine actually originated as only drawings. The writing didn't really start on my site until after I'd fully left academia. When I decided to leave my academic career I needed an outlet that was different than the purely intellectual work I'd been doing in philosophy, so I started drawing and making comics. I just needed something completely different. Getting trained as a philosopher is so thoroughly intellectual that it was easy for me to almost go too far following an idea trail in my head like I'd gotten lost in another world. It felt hard to come back to have more normal conversations sometimes. Drawing became a way to calm that down, to relax that intellectual center in my head, and help me feel more human again. At the same time, I am someone that thirsts for that thorough going study that I found in philosophy so I need the writing too. Writing for me is a way to learn, explore ideas, synthesize thought, and connect all at the same time. So, now I go back and forth between the writing and drawing. <br />
<br />
I'd studied art history, photography, and sculptural arts before but hadn't really focused on drawing. I didn't think I had any talent for it. Leaving my academic career felt like such a huge risk, why not draw? In comparison, drawing was no risk at all. So, I started drawing and in the midst of that came up with the idea to draw wine tasting notes, instead of just writing them. It turned out no one had done wine comics like that before, so in coming up with the idea and doing them I accidentally opened the door to my career in wine.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIJdgk7vE9nTgAIvI3ETnSfFzCnx5Hz3JS2giPutJn9soW5itvnBertny96d_vBGfW5boblL6beCbHv8Uexx1dpXfyVqIAdqBuaPnaiTUuK2fzwUdLDBeLwpdNH-KMY7NfmKf4V7YZwaY/s1600/SalonVertical.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="466" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIJdgk7vE9nTgAIvI3ETnSfFzCnx5Hz3JS2giPutJn9soW5itvnBertny96d_vBGfW5boblL6beCbHv8Uexx1dpXfyVqIAdqBuaPnaiTUuK2fzwUdLDBeLwpdNH-KMY7NfmKf4V7YZwaY/s1600/SalonVertical.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<i><br /></i>
<i>Question: Does your Alaska Native upbringing contribute to your work on Hawk Wakawaka Wine Reviews? With this question, I mean to inquire if your interests in food and culture found ignition by growing up with an Alaska indigenous subsistence lifestyle?</i><br />
<br />
There are so many ways the work I do now depends on how I grew up. Alaska is the most untamed landscape of the United States. Sonoma, California where I live now is basically all farmland but even that feels like living in an urban center compared to the remoteness of Alaska.<br />
<br />
Alaska is full of incredible smells too from all the plants, animals, earth, changing seasons… There is always some slight wind. It's always full of smells. Growing up I was always walking around smelling things. I wanted to know where the smells came from. I found out later my uncle did the same thing. They used to call him Nose.<br />
<br />
The various foods I grew up with too are irreplaceable. You can't find muktuk and seal oil in a restaurant; a few countries do have dried fish though. I don't get to eat those foods anymore. <br />
<br />
Losing all those scents, and my Native foods by leaving Alaska made me voracious for scents and flavors elsewhere. Traveling to study food and wine culture around the world is the only way to fulfill that. There are so many scents in a glass of wine. Sometimes I have to take a break and just live in them. <br />
<br />
<i>Question: Your journey from Native fisherwoman to scholar to entrepreneur is the stuff of harrowing novels, can you speak to this fascinating trajectory? How does a young woman go from mending gillnets in Western Alaska to pursuing a graduate degree in philosophy in Quebec, Canada?</i><br />
<br />
If I'm really honest, there is nothing easy about the trajectory my life has taken. Being Alaska Native for me includes a very high level of responsibility. I don't get to choose just for me. The choices I make are also always about meeting the demands of what it took my ancestors to get me here. I have only ever succeeded at anything because first my family made it possible. In the midst of that though I've made really unusual choices. There aren't many Natives working in philosophy. Try to find another Native with a wine cellar (besides my sister. She has one too.). <br />
<br />
Philosophy and wine are both things I chose because somehow they're reflective of who I am. At the same time, they are so outside what my family has done before me that I work even harder at them, focus even more in order to ensure they're not selfish choices. I guess I don't quite know how to answer your question except to say that I am very driven to do well by those that came before me. Anyone with this much luck better work that much harder to earn it.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkiK3sKu3UZBpJ-oDDJ1i7CyOFqiB1tLwdzJ8XmvIzQDrbvkFQYlK9XWPiesFhmQQ4V8aAYe42akGt8kc-gieOLQhMeQ8q_oe2rd2ZwEMZ15sm6Pw5QmGwBecJZFou-1VX2wyBEDb2GNg/s1600/MayacamasVertical.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="470" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkiK3sKu3UZBpJ-oDDJ1i7CyOFqiB1tLwdzJ8XmvIzQDrbvkFQYlK9XWPiesFhmQQ4V8aAYe42akGt8kc-gieOLQhMeQ8q_oe2rd2ZwEMZ15sm6Pw5QmGwBecJZFou-1VX2wyBEDb2GNg/s1600/MayacamasVertical.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<i>Question: Why did you turn from a career in higher education to the entrepreneurial work of Hawk Wakawaka Wine Reviews? </i><br />
<br />
Pursuing my graduate education in philosophy, and then going on to teach and research was deeply important to who I am. I am continuously grateful that goal was fulfilled in my life. It taught me so much, and made me a far better person. It also put me in contact with Native students, and Native communities around the United States and in other countries in a way I didn't have prior to becoming an academic. I reached a point though where I recognized if I stayed in academia I would become someone I couldn’t admire. I don't mean that this is true of anyone else in academia. I mean that it could not be a healthy life for me in the long run. The training I received from it is irreplaceable but for me to continue in academia would have meant living an imbalanced life. When I realized that I also realized I had to leave it. The decision was not hard to make. Once I recognized it was right, the decision was already made. But such a complete change is hard because it means everything else in your life is different after, and you don't know what that is going to look like. You'll always be facing something new. <br />
<br />
What I do now happened somewhat accidentally. Like I said I needed an outlet so I started drawing, and then came up with the idea to draw wine tasting notes. I had already been studying wine before that point. After leaving academia I didn't know what to do instead because I had given myself so whole-heartedly to my career in philosophy it was not an easy change. But I had decided to draw, and just kept drawing, and then eventually was writing about wine as well, and by just sticking to it over time it built into what I do now. It is still quite hard because I am always scrambling to have enough income, and because I push myself very hard. At the same time, every day of it feels like a miracle because I sort of can't believe I survived so much change and turned my life into this feast for the senses, meeting people whose work I admire. I give thanks every day for all of it even the hard parts. My promise is to claim the blessing of every challenge. That's how I thank the people that got me here, my family.
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<i>Quyanaasinaq, Elaine Chukan Brown for agreeing to the interview.</i></div>
<div>
<i><br /></i></div>
<div>
<i>To explore Elaine Chukan Brown's Hawk Wakawaka Wine Reviews please visit (<a href="http://wakawakawinereviews.com/">wakawakawinereviews.com</a>) or find it on facebook at <a href="https://www.facebook.com/hawkwakawaka">https://www.facebook.com/hawkwakawaka</a></i></div>
Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17424860431342813248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6650551577816435810.post-19554632465319039582014-08-14T20:33:00.003-07:002015-07-12T07:55:21.678-07:00"America's Ambassadors of Goodwill:" Cherokee Will Rogers and Wiley Ford in Alaska, 1935.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHYGhK75t7yCQwUkbybV3yvYnVyKfUSF5diOaEQWmUjyLBo2ijXGmCGGYHQ7ejhi7vQm10ZgQlkta7QSkeWEYNW98uRiMKUvW6CJMFWrwRa0QbHCyWu3vgzwqOtpwT2EthnWqv5EcDmKc/s1600/800px-Will_Rogers_and_Wiley_Post_cph.3b05600-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHYGhK75t7yCQwUkbybV3yvYnVyKfUSF5diOaEQWmUjyLBo2ijXGmCGGYHQ7ejhi7vQm10ZgQlkta7QSkeWEYNW98uRiMKUvW6CJMFWrwRa0QbHCyWu3vgzwqOtpwT2EthnWqv5EcDmKc/s1600/800px-Will_Rogers_and_Wiley_Post_cph.3b05600-1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption">Will Rogers standing on airplane wing while Wiley Post signs autographs in Fairbanks, 1935.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Humorist Will Rogers once noted about life, "We are all here for a spell; get all the good laughs you can." In 1935 the public knew Cherokee writer and performer Will Rogers as one of the most famous, smart, and jovial celebrities in the world. Born in 1879 of a distinguished Native family in Cherokee Nation, Rogers went on to pen over 4,000 newspaper articles and star in more than 70 films. Coming to international fame through performing as a cowboy in the Ziegfeld Follies on Broadway in New York, he went on to be one of the nation's trusted analyst on American political life.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvLGjpOO9nTSWSe2LFbNYHBzrrATuoDnPoo5aYXEzdjYEg_HYmI6ccEyhBKWfHrbwgyhB1nCt1C1a-hcxEIbvszo3ZTTUc39s-KC4pcVAoNF8xiz4PijT4LYjbEfGiyFxB0ZjsRzfP9S4/s1600/320px-WillRogers.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvLGjpOO9nTSWSe2LFbNYHBzrrATuoDnPoo5aYXEzdjYEg_HYmI6ccEyhBKWfHrbwgyhB1nCt1C1a-hcxEIbvszo3ZTTUc39s-KC4pcVAoNF8xiz4PijT4LYjbEfGiyFxB0ZjsRzfP9S4/s1600/320px-WillRogers.jpeg" width="424" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption">Rogers, with lariat, in his 20s as a Vaudeville performer.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
As a young man Rogers held a thirst for travel. Leaving Cherokee Nation, and Oklahoma, in his early 20s he worked as a ranch hand in South America and Africa. Later returning to the United States he enhanced those cowboy skills and learned to become a trick rope performer, working at circuses and traveling shows. By 1916 he had transformed his career from basic physical entertainment into one that involved much political satire. Within 2 years of changing his act he was heavily involved in films, starring in a host of silent and talking movies.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRQzK4LPzX_VQe4Dh8Tb9HZEzcd90POcsSazrfgyQ4chIgbxG-UU7gBFPYBgNI2m_tCVCb_aI48NEe1-01ggpXKiv0ZmaYvZX4k1y1kbjehP-3uvKItNYWjOMVOG-1Y3iM_icRfJsN_MM/s1600/Will_Rogers_silent_film_actor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRQzK4LPzX_VQe4Dh8Tb9HZEzcd90POcsSazrfgyQ4chIgbxG-UU7gBFPYBgNI2m_tCVCb_aI48NEe1-01ggpXKiv0ZmaYvZX4k1y1kbjehP-3uvKItNYWjOMVOG-1Y3iM_icRfJsN_MM/s1600/Will_Rogers_silent_film_actor.jpg" width="504" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption">WIll Rogers JWS12778</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
With adages such as, "Everything is funny as long as it is happening to somebody else," or "An onion can make people cry, but there has never been a vegetable invented to make them laugh,"his wise comments could prove to be light-hearted and in good spirit. Rogers however could also delve into more politically directed expressions like, "Be thankful we're not getting all the government we're paying for," and "Diplomacy is the art of saying 'Nice doggie' until you can find a rock." Though in his newspaper columns he did assert some racially controversial language once or twice, Rogers proved to be a thoughtful and well-meaning voice for an adoring public. At the time, he was one of but a handful of people in the world whose life was developing into what we know today as that of an internationally known celebrity. One could think of him as somewhere between Mark Twain in the nineteenth century and Stephen Colbert in the twenty-first.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCStxzMI9ZfeRELyB6TOrfAZ7ohHm8KnRLAMGNi14NXhNRskgaLkYQg004TalKDXyPRdjlu6TKz7ThWk8jWihg7yam1YHJlp6maAelEPtU1beVvMY9aFP2NWU_WJJM89WDzLoKgJSub8Y/s1600/Will_Rogers_in_Fairbanks_1935.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCStxzMI9ZfeRELyB6TOrfAZ7ohHm8KnRLAMGNi14NXhNRskgaLkYQg004TalKDXyPRdjlu6TKz7ThWk8jWihg7yam1YHJlp6maAelEPtU1beVvMY9aFP2NWU_WJJM89WDzLoKgJSub8Y/s1600/Will_Rogers_in_Fairbanks_1935.jpg" width="482" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption">Will Rogers in Fairbanks, 1935. ASL-P67-137</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
His love of travel continued as his fame rose to new heights. Through the 1920s and 30s he spent years circulating through the United States, Asia, and South America, hosting dinners and lecturing on political issues. Upon what he learned from these experiences he once joked, "A humorist entertains, a lecturer annoys."He was also a committed social activist and worked for countless fundraisers for humanitarian causes, like Bob Hope. In 1935 he and his dear friend pilot Wiley Post set upon a tour from the United States west coast up through Siberia, scouting out a possible international mail route. Rogers used the trip for material for his newspaper articles.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg42ggpOL-6ocIjH9HC3YzSjVXmw_1F7Ik6cgnGPj4RjoiEzfzfbYvth46ITnWTObKi9YE0duvwmiN2LMdPALI2PpQE1-pgOmHZb1g0DanZwmfpI8cMn1vZaRUyAL0JuoBScC2XPGZr7GM/s1600/Wiley_Post_round_the_world_pilot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg42ggpOL-6ocIjH9HC3YzSjVXmw_1F7Ik6cgnGPj4RjoiEzfzfbYvth46ITnWTObKi9YE0duvwmiN2LMdPALI2PpQE1-pgOmHZb1g0DanZwmfpI8cMn1vZaRUyAL0JuoBScC2XPGZr7GM/s1600/Wiley_Post_round_the_world_pilot.jpg" width="358" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption">"Wiley Post poses for a photograph just before taking off to resume his solo flight round the world. The Winnie Mae has just been repaired after hitting a rough patch of tailings at the airstrip in Flat, Alaska and crashing." (circa1933.) UAF-1998-129-3</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Roger's friend, the celebrated pilot Wiley Post was the first person to fly solo around the world. Texas born in 1898, he fell in love with planes by the age of 15 after seeing one fly through the air around his hometown. Intending to become an military pilot, World War I ended before he could finish training, and from there he returned to Texas where he worked in the oil fields. In the conclusion of a brief term under incarceration he also went to work in a flying circus. Losing his right eye amidst an accident when in the oil fields, an insurance settlement allowed him to purchase a plane. He joined traveling air shows and this work is believed to be the way Post and Rogers came to be close friends. As time went on, Post avidly sought to advance the field of aviation as a whole. Post always flew higher and further into the sky. In fact, he is credited for locating the high altitude air currents known as jet streams that are now used by planes in everyday travel as highways. During his high altitude experiments, technicians invented many prototype pressure suits. A quick google search of his name will reveal some interesting inventions he wore as he tested how high he could thrust into the sky.<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCfoIc1MqIDbUOM2eMBuSaYwKxFAtePXKIkeKWo8ORnhzjWiLLMO0qR4B_PqHJatTEJekvHRcSntaszUUHqP5s8a1nmHY-pJLpTV6ZU75iYEvwejk9LzjSPIR7tKpTvkLrki8efoA-ihU/s1600/Will_Rogers_Wiley_Post_and_two_other_men+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCfoIc1MqIDbUOM2eMBuSaYwKxFAtePXKIkeKWo8ORnhzjWiLLMO0qR4B_PqHJatTEJekvHRcSntaszUUHqP5s8a1nmHY-pJLpTV6ZU75iYEvwejk9LzjSPIR7tKpTvkLrki8efoA-ihU/s1600/Will_Rogers_Wiley_Post_and_two_other_men+%25281%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">"Will Rogers, Wiley Post, and two other men." "Four men stand on a dock; man wearing a hat is Will Rogers; man with eye patch is Wiley Post." ASL-P384-1263 In Fairbanks.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
On August 15 1935, shortly after leaving north from Fairbanks, Rogers and Post lost their lives when their plane crashed near Point Barrow, Alaska. The tragic event marked a horrid loss for their families and for general public who looked towards these two in admiration. For both had lead extraordinary lives in taking part in the construction of the the globally-connected world we now take for granted on a day-to-day basis. </div>
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzxJ-4mTfxJNzZh-kt5vYrV0PW681hInzxNGJzdRhgK3Rf7UWzOuYhI60f4987XSf55h4XKtXg_yt3xoxSX' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="text-align: start;"> Rogers and Post in Fairbanks August 1935.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
Wiley Post's work in advancing aviation as an effective means of travel contributed to how airplanes would become an important thread tying together the modern world system. In the 20th century Alaska pilots were greatly esteemed among Native people since most villages and towns required air service for the transportation of goods and people. In fact, I can recall an elder once proudly announcing that his grandson, who was 13 at the time, would someday be a pilot. One could make the case that air travel has played an important role in the making of Alaska as one region and as a naturalized part of the nation. That is, those of us from Alaska know the great distances we have to travel between the town, village, or city were are from and the contiguous part of the United States. When I was growing up Fairbanks and Juneau seemed just as distant from Kodiak as Seattle or Tokyo. In this way, airplanes have very much allowed towns and cities like Kodiak, Fairbanks, and Juneau, each sitting in a distinct geography, to form what would be known as one region, Alaska. Then of course air travel has served as a way for people from the contiguous part of the nation to grow familiar with the state. I do have an Alaska Native colleague who does research into aviation's role in Alaska and I find the field of inquiry very exciting.<br />
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDa8Qe1MQjwuRk7t6ObuVTE_47YEJAITeL4yBQvvoS8547pXMHiEwL1O2zQNDIwm190ZWBYlAIwUQDOa7quLHOpDQHP_dXLYWS209jpA9Iq9fC5Lw3AcfOsAyZjfes_5dJNji5DAASfBs/s1600/Will_Rogers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDa8Qe1MQjwuRk7t6ObuVTE_47YEJAITeL4yBQvvoS8547pXMHiEwL1O2zQNDIwm190ZWBYlAIwUQDOa7quLHOpDQHP_dXLYWS209jpA9Iq9fC5Lw3AcfOsAyZjfes_5dJNji5DAASfBs/s1600/Will_Rogers.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;">Will Rogers (in Alaska), exiting a Lockheed Orion on floats. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;">ASL-P289-041</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Will Rogers' level of fame surely set a precedent for those who came after him. He belonged to a trailblazing cohort of performers who started their acts on vaudeville stages only to get involved with the new industries of radio, TV, and film that would transformed their entire profession. Roger's was also a Cherokee Indian writer and performer, one of many who would rise to the level of celebrity in American life. His influence can surely be seen in the work of Cherokee performers like Keely Smith and James Garner. Below is a photograph of a monument erected in honor of Rogers and Post in Point Barrow, Alaska. The airport there is named in honor of the two them.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheQsNjRZLnEKhQRU68-o5dLyhmlA7ApcqCxBiGWi6FaIbA-lq_IfATWLdeCFNlMTZ8GSiLKqQqdxO3q-adZs2GL_yXjVNgUKDtm1WW-kZh1-gLjJUVwZ36Gr3hhUeauPI7G7XelMuaWmg/s1600/Will_Rogers_and_Wiley_Post_Memorial_Barrow_Alaska.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheQsNjRZLnEKhQRU68-o5dLyhmlA7ApcqCxBiGWi6FaIbA-lq_IfATWLdeCFNlMTZ8GSiLKqQqdxO3q-adZs2GL_yXjVNgUKDtm1WW-kZh1-gLjJUVwZ36Gr3hhUeauPI7G7XelMuaWmg/s1600/Will_Rogers_and_Wiley_Post_Memorial_Barrow_Alaska.jpg" width="496" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption">"View of memorial stone to Will Rogers and Wiley Post who died during an airplane crash at Barrow, Alaska. Inscriptions on memorial reads: "Will Rogers and Wiley Post, 'Americas ambassadors of good will,' ended life's flight here August 15, 1935. This stone was taken from the same quarry as that used in buildingOklahoma's memorial to Will Rogers at Claremore Oklahoma U.S.A." and "In memorial of Brother Will Rogers. Top of the World Masonic Club K.C.B.D. 1058. -1945." AMRC-b85-27-953</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17424860431342813248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6650551577816435810.post-84266242480411720232014-07-16T11:02:00.000-07:002015-07-12T07:54:11.530-07:00Yukon Gold Rush: "This Is What Really Brought Alaska to the American Map," July 17, 1896.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyxFQGC3xJ9Cg_WO750_zi0f-mukLXYS0oidgwK5XC5PoHjsMa2rP6pANj-FPc-gfA7hftst6ouMic43LGB0w' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">On july 17, 1896, The ship the Portland docked in Seattle with a hull filled with gold. This marked the reopening of the American Frontier, one which Fredrick Jackson Turner previously declared closed at the end of the California Gold Rush. The clip above features the former senator Ted Stevens discussing the history of this second gold rush and its impact on how Alaska would come to be known in the United States and Elsewhere.</span>Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17424860431342813248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6650551577816435810.post-89194955509263060742014-06-04T15:51:00.000-07:002015-07-12T07:52:56.662-07:00"The World's Most Beautiful Fair:" the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition in Seattle, Washington 1909<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXpLtnoo_4VeVxUSPsriElp1BsSriD13nI22ji6suLS-jqOztDtqcTkq3kTuleU5Wzjrx3SGH9GvNbt877gymlXB4WSkN2E-RbqrSSrPhNPIGrdaBiGpEzZNHxZIHXBp_J_flUa-Gqa4o/s1600/Alaska_Yukon_Pacific_Exposition_-_Rainier_Vista.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="507" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXpLtnoo_4VeVxUSPsriElp1BsSriD13nI22ji6suLS-jqOztDtqcTkq3kTuleU5Wzjrx3SGH9GvNbt877gymlXB4WSkN2E-RbqrSSrPhNPIGrdaBiGpEzZNHxZIHXBp_J_flUa-Gqa4o/s1600/Alaska_Yukon_Pacific_Exposition_-_Rainier_Vista.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
During this week in 1909 about 117,000 people attended the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition in Seattle, on the site of the University of Washington. During its six month run over 3 million people entered the gates of the fair. Previous to the exposition the University possessed only three buildings, but the fair's planners, with the work of renowned landscape architect John Olmstead, completely transformed the area with numerous buildings and manicured landscapes. The result was a "civilization in the wilderness," what as promised as the "World's Most Beautiful Fair."</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy3U8FPyMXgkxxAHVZiGnjlu-Gwmx9pojPDCOrHa2u-jAq0OoD2uixOZbE5PKNDRORfopmWEGhbPv29QW4bHhyphenhyphenMeJ0pWCQtTeYjoqHeUPEtdnSpoXrzlkIULQB_E5409QiEW-4tE57sxs/s1600/Agriculture_Building__showing_the_Canadian_Pacific_Railway_exhibit_with_emplyees_AlaskaYukonPacific_Exposition_Seattle_Washington_1909.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="504" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy3U8FPyMXgkxxAHVZiGnjlu-Gwmx9pojPDCOrHa2u-jAq0OoD2uixOZbE5PKNDRORfopmWEGhbPv29QW4bHhyphenhyphenMeJ0pWCQtTeYjoqHeUPEtdnSpoXrzlkIULQB_E5409QiEW-4tE57sxs/s1600/Agriculture_Building__showing_the_Canadian_Pacific_Railway_exhibit_with_emplyees_AlaskaYukonPacific_Exposition_Seattle_Washington_1909.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rail Road exhibit.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
The fair was an advertisement for the Seattle and pacific area regional boosterism. Seattle businessmen, the local state government, and average citizens pitched in to get the event off the ground. The planners used the promotion of gold as a way to bring people in from far away. That is, the Yukon gold rush ignited the an interest in a new "frontier" of riches, after the end of the California gold rush had previously brought an end to frontier-thinking in popular American culture. The waters of the pacific were advertised as the best for motor boating. The technology of the rail road would serve as a way for people to understand how civilization was being carved from the wilderness of North America. In the end, all this energy was put into it because if people attracted to the area then perhaps these attendees would relocate there, using rail service to transport themselves and their goods. These relocated people would purchase property and take part in the civic life of the region. Alaska natural resources, such as gold and lumber, were the focus of the fair with Seattle being sold as a "gateway" to such a frontier.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRom-oeQJMZnJkQWtfa1ti93_akkO5DPtn0Ias_3n1ae2NLK-8lSRb3x9qcr-sIrl_fnpg5O1YaaZFpDMYEON5IAvR1OURvJdeVgjXXzzBpnoe0E08e7yxQtWqvlyJHHfFBOHKxALhB_U/s1600/Advertisement_with_Statue_of_Liberty_for_the_AlaskaYukonPacific_Exposition_1909.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRom-oeQJMZnJkQWtfa1ti93_akkO5DPtn0Ias_3n1ae2NLK-8lSRb3x9qcr-sIrl_fnpg5O1YaaZFpDMYEON5IAvR1OURvJdeVgjXXzzBpnoe0E08e7yxQtWqvlyJHHfFBOHKxALhB_U/s1600/Advertisement_with_Statue_of_Liberty_for_the_AlaskaYukonPacific_Exposition_1909.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;">Advertisement with Statue of Liberty for the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition, 1909. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;">PH Coll 777.x.Advert.1</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifr6PbkrOal3iXKgVplb6KHD9nf0EF23Ej6_FhVvHACIO-UlrS_IM-Zxp0FQbKH6Elgl1ZKi7zjfjaRe7guL3yY5jq2_8OKv3p7ve6rEhfyJzmhK3oXWLLOYnTD-AgN7IUHIefCL0ng9Y/s1600/Chinese_Village_during_a_parade_with_Ferris_wheel_to_the_right_Pay_Streak__AlaskaYukonPacific_Exposition_Seattle_Washington_1909.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="492" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifr6PbkrOal3iXKgVplb6KHD9nf0EF23Ej6_FhVvHACIO-UlrS_IM-Zxp0FQbKH6Elgl1ZKi7zjfjaRe7guL3yY5jq2_8OKv3p7ve6rEhfyJzmhK3oXWLLOYnTD-AgN7IUHIefCL0ng9Y/s1600/Chinese_Village_during_a_parade_with_Ferris_wheel_to_the_right_Pay_Streak__AlaskaYukonPacific_Exposition_Seattle_Washington_1909.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption">Chinese Village during a parade, with Ferris wheel to the right, Pay Streak, Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition, Seattle, Washington, 1909</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
The attendees came expecting to see displays of non-white peoples from throughout the world as well as technological advances. Above you can see the Chinese village that was constructed to house and display Chinese cultural attributes that may have exotic to people in the United States at the time. The fairs planners were engaged in this re-imagining of the Asia-Pacific rim by allowing participants to come to understand how Seattle was geographically poised to successfully trade with Asian nations in ways that many hadn't considered before. The opening ceremonies included representatives of the Japanese Navy.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_Z6TXe_iK-iGyktn5zUXSPfT3Co7XH4wOnBwwC6KDNr_lGYihregkGZlNEtSDzddSJirV-G3OwgghtHmTXm1mkvTlRDV63tVzPNl-4e6qy8h0X2A7J6iNQ3a8AvrVeFgfn0S3xT7iVIQ/s1600/Announcer_at_entrance_to_Eskimo_Village_AlaskaYukonPacificExposition_Seattle_Washington_1909.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_Z6TXe_iK-iGyktn5zUXSPfT3Co7XH4wOnBwwC6KDNr_lGYihregkGZlNEtSDzddSJirV-G3OwgghtHmTXm1mkvTlRDV63tVzPNl-4e6qy8h0X2A7J6iNQ3a8AvrVeFgfn0S3xT7iVIQ/s1600/Announcer_at_entrance_to_Eskimo_Village_AlaskaYukonPacificExposition_Seattle_Washington_1909.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption">Announcer at entrance to Eskimo Village, Alaska-Yukon-Pacific-Exposition, Seattle, Washington, 1909. Note on the photograph:Eskimo Village. In the Eskimo Village there are Eskimos from Siberia, Alaska and Labrador, and visitors have an opportunity to study the various tribes. The Eskimo Village is one of the largest attractions on the Pay Streak.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
The representations of Native peoples at these fairs ran hand-in-hand with the display of technological advancement and the celebration of nationalism. There is a grand amount of scholarship examining the way indigenous cultures have been presented at world's fairs. The presentation of Native people as foreign and primitive have always played an important role in these fairs. As you can see below, there was an "Alaska" "Eskimo" village where the architecture was formed to resemble a glacier. </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg64uKSxHdRuUBFtY5jO21bsCk_RELQm3l7wXEa6vn2a-xo-TQuF_lG4XrNN0LV_UT-Nep48Nbb3KuXciTkBBALgFWPfoHqSmUIbEftTA2oe14DG-3Iz8Gh0Hd8HN0J9rvHr-y-dTsUcOc/s1600/Eskimo_Village_main_entrance_with_group_of_Eskimos_and_dog_sled_team_in_front_Pay_Streak_AlaskaYukonPacificExposition_Seattle_Washington_1909.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="420" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg64uKSxHdRuUBFtY5jO21bsCk_RELQm3l7wXEa6vn2a-xo-TQuF_lG4XrNN0LV_UT-Nep48Nbb3KuXciTkBBALgFWPfoHqSmUIbEftTA2oe14DG-3Iz8Gh0Hd8HN0J9rvHr-y-dTsUcOc/s1600/Eskimo_Village_main_entrance_with_group_of_Eskimos_and_dog_sled_team_in_front_Pay_Streak_AlaskaYukonPacificExposition_Seattle_Washington_1909.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption">Eskimo Village main entrance, with group of Eskimos and dog sled team in front, Pay Streak, Alaska-Yukon-Pacific-Exposition, Seattle, Washington,1909</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCHSkMOOLw9VGvozgaNEZflx6d8itc-9t1R5W7iU7W5H6At8u9a6G39i8zG45WZagkp0V26EqptCiaqvsb3s6INpXugQ9wsZBw7BYFXBpoLcZRR_vwPXajwe44kRlpK260tVJuCh_x4Jg/s1600/Joe_Cook_a_native_from_the_Eskimo_Village_exhibit_AlaskaYukonPacificExposition_Seattle_Washington_1909.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCHSkMOOLw9VGvozgaNEZflx6d8itc-9t1R5W7iU7W5H6At8u9a6G39i8zG45WZagkp0V26EqptCiaqvsb3s6INpXugQ9wsZBw7BYFXBpoLcZRR_vwPXajwe44kRlpK260tVJuCh_x4Jg/s1600/Joe_Cook_a_native_from_the_Eskimo_Village_exhibit_AlaskaYukonPacificExposition_Seattle_Washington_1909.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Those who attended the fair could purchase postcards of Native peoples, like the one of Joe Cook, above. Or have their pictures taken with them, as in the photograph below.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHRD6ibCV37QFedGm0HY48oKDPO-XmHC88w_DkUA2q9KR0VnNcQgvymN8330Hu3IPxT6JkiiVqM0JqLTq4ICW-V83G9PUMQ0gcH_S8nX9ZLZMx_2FBb5Uia33M2FJpz5B0XKeQE6vNltU/s1600/Dr_Frederick_W_Seward_posed_with_two_Eskimo_women_and_child_Pay_Streak_Alaska_Yukon_Pacific_Exposition_Seattle_1909.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHRD6ibCV37QFedGm0HY48oKDPO-XmHC88w_DkUA2q9KR0VnNcQgvymN8330Hu3IPxT6JkiiVqM0JqLTq4ICW-V83G9PUMQ0gcH_S8nX9ZLZMx_2FBb5Uia33M2FJpz5B0XKeQE6vNltU/s1600/Dr_Frederick_W_Seward_posed_with_two_Eskimo_women_and_child_Pay_Streak_Alaska_Yukon_Pacific_Exposition_Seattle_1909.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption">Son of William H. Seward, chief figure in the purchase of Alaska. Eskimos left to right: "Columbia", Eskimo from Labrador; infant named "Seattle"; and mother of the child.<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><br /></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Below is a photograph of Native children from Alaska and the Philippines, the "Eskimo" and the "Igorotte." While very "modern" Alaska Natives and people from the Philippines were working away throughout the fishing industrial complex in canneries and boats from Seattle to Kodiak, at the exposition they were both presented as primitive spectacles, so distant from the articulations of civilization. </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj51N6VkQAeA53wVruD6IxETFnuX3wTiqRXzVJa7leZcYzcvBU4dVR0LXrTjcuj3EECVKbmd4cLkGJY_NwDCa4Rg9bpYn19iL-koSiIYx71PP7HA9hxRBvGrkqEnjjHwMJpSVFv6yhVs0U/s1600/Igorrote_child_and_Eskimo_child_AlaskaYukonPacific_Exposition_Seattle_Washington_1909.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj51N6VkQAeA53wVruD6IxETFnuX3wTiqRXzVJa7leZcYzcvBU4dVR0LXrTjcuj3EECVKbmd4cLkGJY_NwDCa4Rg9bpYn19iL-koSiIYx71PP7HA9hxRBvGrkqEnjjHwMJpSVFv6yhVs0U/s1600/Igorrote_child_and_Eskimo_child_AlaskaYukonPacific_Exposition_Seattle_Washington_1909.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
In May 30-November 29 2009, the Burke Museum, on the campus of the University of Washington, Seattle, held an indigenous artistic exhibit responding to the way Native folks and culture were exploited during the exposition. The museum's project "Juxtapos[ed] historic objects and photographs from the 1909 fair with contemporary artwork by Native artists to explore how the representation and understanding of indigenous people and cultures has changed or not changed over 100 years." This short film below interviews the artists involved with the 2009 response. Just over halfway through appears Swil Kanim, and I think he presents a very provocative indigenous perspective. </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="344" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/HKOghZyC168" width="459"></iframe></div>
Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17424860431342813248noreply@blogger.com0